PEOUTIA BETULINA. 293 



immediately above lower lateral hollow ; three hairs in an oblique row 

 above prolegs and one below prolegs. The 7th abdominal segment has 

 i-vi and ventral pair of hairs the same as on the 4th and 5th segments ; the 

 8th has four or five hairs on either side, the 9th has four on either side, 

 and the 10th has one dorsal hair on either side ; the 8th and 10th have 

 very definite longitudinal ventral depressions. The wings and third 

 legs extend to the posterior margin of the 2nd abdominal. The 

 anterior wings are flaps, longer than the mesothoracic dorsum (actually 

 l'Omm. long), the posterior wings show a narrow strip behind them 

 not quite half as long, the leg cases, as well as first femora cases, are 

 all well seen, rather short and broad. The dorsal head-piece is very 

 small. The head-piece (removed from imago) is very decidedly smaller 

 than that of F. casta (nitidella) , widest across the mouth region (instead 

 of narrowing as in F. casta). It compares with Fumea just contrari- 

 wise to the $ , the labrum is, if anything, broader, rather than 

 narrower, than in the $ Fumea ; the maxilla? are rounded, and not 

 marked off completely from labium, and form with it a wide 4-lobed 

 structure, with a transparent thinned point centrally (attachment to 

 imago ?) ; the aspect of this conjoined labium and maxilla? is very 

 distinctive from Fumea. In dehiscence the legs, &c, are rather dis- 

 arranged, but still adhere to the pupa, the first pair with its femora 

 forms one piece, and the second and third two other portions ; the 1st 

 and 2nd thoracic segments split dorsally, and open widely from each 

 other, and from the 3rd thoracic (Chapman). 



Comparison of pup^e of Protjtia betulina and Bacotia sepium. — 

 The male pupa of B. sepium has dorso-anal spikes as in the Micro- 

 Psychids, whilst that of P. betulina has ventro-anal spikes as in the 

 Macro-Psychids. The female pupa? of both species, however, have no 

 anal spikes, and hence agree with the Macro-Psychids, thus again 

 showing B. sepium to be an intermediate form. 



Food-plants. — Fresh birch-catkins preferred, later ate sallow- 

 catkins, and leaves of sallow, whitethorn and birch (Zeller), would not 

 eat lichen but ate the bodies of dried butterflies, &c. (Speyer), lichens 

 on moss-grown tree-trunks and walls (Eossler), Parmelia pulverulenta 

 growing on a nut-tree (Gartner), lichens on buckthorn (Mitford), 

 hawthorn leaves (Prout), sloe leaves (Chapman). 



Time of appearance. — Larva? at Chingford on June 5th and 14th, 

 1899, the latter not full-fed till July 4th and 10th, the former emerged 

 July 1st, the latter produced ichneumons (Prout) ; larva? found at 

 Eastwood, May 27th-July 2nd, 1899, males emerged July 9th, 18th, 

 20th (2), females on July 6th and 9th (Whittle). Larva? in May in 

 Nassau, imagines in June (Eossler), imagines first appear about the 

 middle of July (Zeller), larva? at Wildungen all pupated by beginning of 

 June, imagines were bred from June 20th to the middle of July (Speyer), 

 the larva? in May in Baden, imagines in June and July (Beutti). 

 Whittle obtained small, half-grown, and apparently full-fed larva? all 

 together in mid-November of 1899, so that it is quite possible 

 that some individuals spend two years in the larval stage. [Under the 

 name of salicolella, Bruand states that the larva? are fullfed in the 

 Doubs dept. from about May 15th-25th, the imagines emerging about 

 the middle of June, from the 10th-2Gth.] Tompkins notes it under the 

 same name as being bred (<?) on June 23rd, 1859, from Hampstead 

 Heath cases. 



