294 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



Habits and Habitat. — In confinement the males soon injure them- 

 selves, yet Mitford states that they " are of a much more sluggish 

 disposition than those of F. intermediella and F. roboricolella, and 

 appear to be more nearly allied, as the case proclaims, to Psyche fusca 

 which flies most at dusk." We beg to question the latter part of this state- 

 ment, for there is no doubt that P. betulina is distinctly a Fumeid in 

 its early stages. Mitford further notes that males of this species would 

 not pair with females of F. intermediella or F. roboricolella, but paired 

 readily with those of their own species, but only towards the evening. 

 Bacot notes that the female emerges during the day and then rests 

 with her body curved almost into a ring with that part of her abdomen 

 beyond the 6th segment, inserted into the case and possibly not with- 

 drawn therefrom. The insect frequents old bushes and trees with 

 lichen-covered branches. Mitford bred about a dozen male and female 

 examples from larva? discovered feeding on the green lichens on buck- 

 thorn stems at Hampstead, in 1869 ; Prout found larvae when beating 

 hawthorn at Chingford, and Whittle on old tree-trunks at Eastwood. 

 Zeller found the original specimens on the trunks of birch-trees at 

 Glogau. Speyer found larvae on posts in thick hedges and also on 

 trunks of hornbeam, whitethorn, &c, at Wildungen, whilst Bossier 

 discovered cases on moss-grown tree-trunks and walls in Nassau. 

 Caradja observes that the lame of this species (as also those of B. septum 

 and F. nitidella) are often found in numbers in Boumania on sugared 

 patches on tree-trunks, the cases especially abundant on old lichen- 

 covered poplar trunks. [Bruand notes of his salicolella, which we 

 refer to this species, that it is very uncertain in its appearance. In 

 1842 (an exceptional year) he collected a score of cases, whilst only 

 four or five were found during the three following years, and from 

 these until 1853 none were seen. He suggests that the late frosts of 

 1846 appeared to have exterminated the species in the localities known 

 ■to him. Paux notices cases of salicolella — which we also suspect may be 

 P. betulina — as somewhat common locally in the woods of Phalempin, 

 Carven and Verlinghem, on trunks of alder, poplar, oak, birch and 

 beech, in April, becoming fullfed from May 15th-25th, the imagines 

 appearing in the middle of June.] 



Localities.— Esses : Epping Forest, Chingford (Prout), Eastwood (Whittle). 

 Middlesex : Bishops Wood, Hampstead (Mitford). Norfolk : ? Banworth, Horn- 

 ing (Barrett). Surrey : Box Hill (Machin teste Barrett), West Wickham (Tomp- 

 kins), Mickleham (Mitford). 



Distribution. — Amurland (Hey laerts). Austria : Bucovina, Czernowitz (Hor- 

 muzaki), Salzburg (Speyer), Briinn (Gartner). Denmark: Bingedal (Hedemann). 

 France : Aube (Jourdheuille), ? Douai (Foucart), Besancon (Bruand), Cannes and 

 Riviera coast (Milliere), ? Nord dept.(Paux). Germany : central and southern Germany, 

 Brunswick (Heinemann), Lower Elbe dist. (Zimmermann), Silesia — Frankfort-on- 

 Oder (Assmann),Waldeck, Rhoden, Arolsen, Wildungen, Bamberg, Coburg (Speyer), 

 Glogau (Zeller), Nassau (Bossier), Zeitz-on-the-Elster (Wilde), Bremen, Schonebeck 

 Wood (Rehberg), Saxon Lusatia, Klix (Schiitze), Dresden (Steinert), Silesia (Wocke), 

 Ratisbon (Schmid), ? Alsace (Peyerimhoff), Krefeld, Cassel, Luneburg (Jordan), 

 Hanover (Glitz), Ueberlingen, Freiburg, Lahr, Karlsruhe, Rhine Palatinate, 

 (Reutti), Burgundy, Wiirtemberg, Stuttgard (Constant coll.), Munich (Hartmann). 

 Italy : Campagna, Boscolungo (Calberla). Netherlands : common, only in the 

 drier parts (Snellen). Poland (Kamieniecki teste Caradja) Roumania : Grumazesti 

 (Caradja). Russia : Wolniar (Lutzau), Schlock, Dorpat (Teich), Neu-Kasseritz 

 (Sintenis), Livonia (Lienig teste Zeller). Switzerland: Zurich (Huguenin). 



