FUMEA CASTA. 331 



own plates, supplemented by the dorsal head-pieces slope outwards 

 dorso-laterally, the first legs with fase-parts slope out ventrally, and 

 between these the second leg coverings. These two portions of the 

 pupa are held firmly together in front by a ligament, formed chiefly of 

 the 2nd femora, dorsally by the stiff mesothorax, continuous with its 

 wings below and articulated to the dorsal end of the prothorax above, 

 and forming at the same time a spring to keep the mouth of the sack 

 and pupa-case open (Chapman). 



Comparison of $■ pup^e of Fumea casta and Peoutia betulina. — 

 In the^ pupa of P. betulina the cheeks and labrum are at the same level, 

 their edges being in the same transverse line, the maxillae are divided 

 from the labium to the base, and are sharply triangular, with the 

 pointed apex close, to the labium, giving the latter the appearance of 

 having a broadly bulbous end. The labium of P. betulina is much more 

 square, transverse and longitudinal diameter equal (Chapman). 



Comparison of $ and $ pup,e of Fumea casta and Masonia 

 crassiorella. — In the male pupa of M. crassiorella the cheeks project 

 downwards (backwards), so as to come, especially laterally, far below 

 the labrum, looking like the hanging upper lips of a blood-hound ; the 

 maxillae, proportionally to the labium, are larger and wider, but their 

 general aspects and outlines (say as compared with P. betulina) are 

 much the same. In the female pupa of M. crassiorella the cheeks are 

 shorter and more rounded, and maxillae smaller and shorter, labium 

 wider and shorter. In the most conspicuous matter of the hanging 

 cheeks $■ and ? pupae are reversed, i.e., $■ M. crassiorella has the 

 hanging cheek, but in F. casta the ? has it (Chapman). 



Food-plants. — F. casta appears to be almost polyphagous on low- 

 growing plants and shrubs. We have noted : Sedum, grasses (Bruand), 

 knotgrass, birch (Hamm), polyphagous on bushes and grasses 

 (Reutti), grass and leaves (Heinemann), oak and Rhammus framjula 

 (Ver Huell), feeds on flies (Healy), elm (Burrows), moss (Fowler). 



Parasites. — Limneria fasciata, Bridg.,and Lissonota obsoleta, Bridg., 

 bred by Fletcher (Bignell). 



Habits and Habitat. — A male emerged June 16th, 1899, about 

 10.30 a.m., its wings being left over its body roof-shaped, and in about 

 a minute had almost fully expanded in this position ; they were then 

 thrown over the back, the tips curled ventrally, in 30 seconds they were 

 hanging perfectly vertically, the curving gone ; it remained in this 

 position for about three minutes when it dropped them to their 

 normal roof-shaped position. On June 20th, 1899, a male was 

 found to have emerged soon after 9 a.m. also two 2 s. The $■ 

 paired with one immediately they were placed together, copulation 

 lasted four minutes — 9.30 a.m. -9. 34 a.m. At 12.15, noon, the 

 same male placed with another $ which had just emerged, paired 

 at once and remained paired about six minutes. Before pairing 

 the J sits on the case, the ovipositor in the case ; to pair it raises 

 the abdomen slightly, but without withdrawing the ovipositor, the 

 male standing on the back of the female, the wings spread down- 

 wards on either side closely enfolding and hiding the $ and part 

 of case. The male refused a third female both before and after 

 copulation with the second, although it fluttered round her most 

 vigorously on one occasion. When settled down on the case, the 

 abdominal segments of the female are curved, the ovipositor in the 



