362 BRITISH LEPIDOPTESA. 



with a wide, but still narrowed, opening behind. The antenna? are 

 placed on the cheeks a little above and outside the jaws and in 

 close relation to the mouth-parts, and not at the vertex as is usual. 

 They consist of a bulbous lappet, of about the same size as the jaws or 

 maxillae articulated to a base marked by a few lines on the cheek- 

 piece. The mandibles are quite definite rounded knobs on each side of 

 the labrum, and the labium and maxillaa are almost exact repetitions 

 of the labrum and mandibles and placed just below them. The three 

 thoracic segments carry below these three pairs of legs. These are 

 not adherent to the pupa-case, but stand out separately though flatly 

 applied to it. They appear to be definitely articulated to the pupa 

 and each to its fellow in the middle line, they are directed outwards 

 and backwards and are rather longer than the width of a segment, and 

 about half this in width, narrowing to their rounded extremities and 

 curved so that basally they proceed outwards, apically more down- 

 wards. Some obscure indications show that they are three-jointed. 

 The pupa carries on dehiscence no dorsal head-piece, and there can be 

 little doubt that this is what forms the greater part of the carapace 

 portion of the head. In the middle line below the second and third 

 pairs of legs are dark scutcheons of chitin, above the legs on meso- and 

 metathorax are small lappets about one-fifth of a millimetre in length 

 (the wings) directed ventrally. The spiracles are without colour or 

 definite projections, the prolegs are well marked. The reversed 

 trapezoidals and iii are very evident, also two pairs (iv and v) below 

 and behind spiracle, a solitary one well below and in front of these, 

 three in a row pointing upward and forwards above proleg, and one 

 below it. The abdominal incision 2-3 is movable dorsally, it has the 

 usual lateral branch of soft chitin, and is fixed ventrally. The anterior 

 dorsal hooks are small, there are twelve on abdominal segment 4, 26 

 on 5 and 6, about the same number on 7 ; they are not in very definite 

 alignment and show two (and even signs of three) rows. The inter- 

 segmental spines small but very definite on 3-6. Eminences on 8-10 

 ventrally suggest the $ anal ventral hooks. The 1st abdominal seg- 

 ment is narrowed in front and impressed by third legs (Chapman). 

 The pupa somewhat yellow-brown with marked segmental incisions 

 and greenish-brown anterior parts (Freyer). 



Dehiscence. — The male pupa emerges from the case to about the 

 5th or 6th abdominal segments. The face- and headparts remain with 

 the legs, etc., in one piece, and separate from the rest of the pupa so 

 far as superficial lines go, although retained largely in position by the 

 internal dissepiments, especially towards the region of the 2nd and 3rd 

 tarsi ; the piece is pushed forwards and to one side, often looking as if one 

 antennal margin were hinged to the adjacent wing. The thorax splits 

 dorsally to not quite the posterior margin of mesothorax. It stands 

 rather widely open and the dorsal head-pieces are very obvious through 

 flimsy portions at its anterior margin. In the female pupa the head- 

 piece is carried away on the imaginal head, the thorax splits dorsally 

 and the leg region seems to be somewhat expanded without being 

 definitely, if at all, separated from the lateral or wing-region. 



Food-plants. — Grasses — Holcus species (Kranz), grasses (Bruand), 

 ? grass and various low plants (Hof mann) . [Assmuss records larvas on 

 Primus padus and Solarium dulcamara in May. One suspects that these 

 larvse had only gone to these plants for pupation.] 



