PSYCHIDAE. 367 



legs are excessively rudimentary, as also are the eyes, antenna?, and 

 mouth-parts, whilst the ovipositor appears to be entirely wanting. 

 They have as a rule the head and thoracic segments fused into a solid, 

 corneous mass dorsally, but distinguishable by separating lines, and 

 there is a series of nerve-ganglia obvious in abdominal segments 2-7 

 ventrally, as well as a larger mass in the thoracic region and another 

 large one at the anterior margin of the 1st abdominal segment. There 

 appear to be ten abdominal segments recognisable, but it is difficult to 

 count them. The females do not leave the case on emergence, but 

 press themselves forwards so as to break open the silken tube at the 

 free end of the puparium, and remain at that end until copulation has 

 taken place, the male inserting its extensile abdomen into the puparium 

 for the purpose, and pushing in its body so completely that the wings 

 are often more or less pushed upwards by the edge of the case. 

 Copulation, as a rule, lasts but a few minutes and the males often pair 

 with more than one female. Hofmann notes that a $ of A. opacella 

 emerged on May 19th, copulated with two ? s almost immediately 

 one after the other, and did not seem particularly weakened thereby. 

 On the other hand, Bruand states that in Hyalina albida copulation 

 lasts less than a minute ; the male is greatly excited until it is paired, 

 but then separation takes place almost at once, and the male appears 

 so exhausted that he flies only a very short distance, and then remains 

 without moving some hours, and frequently dies without again 

 recovering from his weakened condition. 



After egg-laying is finished the females of the Pupifugae fall from 

 the puparium, but those of the Pupicolae are reputed to remain within 

 it. Bruand separates his section B (Mon. des Psych., pp. 36 and 44) 

 into two groups of Pupicolae of which he states : " Femelles a chrysa- 

 lides (a) bicolores, (b) unicolores, d'ou. elles ne sortent pas, meme 

 lorsque l'accouplement n'a pas eu lieu." These groups are constituted 

 as follows : 



1. Atribombycella (graslinella), apiformella* (apiformis), constancella* , viciella*, 

 fasciculella, stetlnella, tabanivicinella* . 



2. Albivitrella (albida), lorquiniella* , plumosella* . 



Standfuss divides the Pupicolae into three groups as follows : 



1. Hirsutella, standfussii. 



2. Viciella, stetinensis, viadrina, turatii, constancella (praecellens, Stdgr.), 

 graslinella, bruandi, crassicornis. 



3. Apiformis, 



There are still some points not at all clearly made out as to the 

 females usually placed in this group, e.g., Bruand includes some of the 

 Oreopsychid females here, and says that that of Hyalina albida, does 

 not leave the puparium after laying her eggs, but the shrivelled- up 

 body remains in the aperture thereof, whilst the newly- hatched larva? 

 not only strip the case which contained them to build their cases, but 

 use also the remains of their parent. Bruand, as we have noted 

 (ante, p. 115) strangely fell into the common error of supposing that 

 the 5 sometimes turned round for the purpose of copulation, and writes 

 of H. albida : " La femelle n'en sort pas pour s'accoupler ; elle se 

 contente d'en fendre l'extremite, apres s'etre retournee, de maniere a 

 presenter la partie anale a l'ouverture du fourreau," whilst of the ? of 

 Meyalnphanes constancella he writes : "La femelle ne quitte jamais sa 



* Bruand evidently had never seen the females of these species. 



