ACANTHOPSYCHINAE. 375 



Fig. 3. a. Larva, b. Male pupa. c. 

 Female. d. Male. e. Longi- 

 tudinal section of case to show 

 eggs. /. Crawling larva with 



case. g. Newly-hatched larva 

 with case carried uprightly. 

 Fig. 4. a. Newly-hatched larva, b-j. 

 Progressive stages in makingcase. 



Subfam. : Acanthopsychinae. 

 Tribe : Acanthopsychidi. 



We have already given (ante, p. 373) the characters on which 

 Chapman suggests the subdivision of this subfamily into the two tribes 

 Oiketicidi and Acanthopsychidi and have noted the main features that 

 separate it from the Psychinae (Empedopsychids and Oreopsychids). 

 Heylaerts' Acanthopsyche has almost the same value as our tribe 

 Acanthopsychidi. He excludes, however, the genus Animula which we 

 are inclined to include in this tribe. Heylaerts separates Animula on 

 the ground that : " Les tibias anterieurs n'ont pas une epine tibiale," 

 and places in the genus hiibrierii, Westd., herrichii, Westd., and 

 dichroa, H.-S. 



The Acanthopsychidi are, in some respects, somewhat generalised, 

 and this is noticeable in the development of the wing-scales, the long 

 anterior tibial spurs, and the retention of a pair of ill-developed posterior 

 tibial spurs. On the other hand, the loss of antennal scales must be 

 looked upon as a somewhat specialised character. Though the wing- 

 scales are better developed in Acanthopsychidi than in the Psychinae, 

 they are still better developed in Oiketicidi being in many species of 

 the latter as distinctly scales (not hair- scales) over the whole wing- 

 surface as in Fumea. Still the character is sufficiently marked in 

 Canephora unicolor for Wallengren to separate this species from all its 

 congeners under the name Lepidopsyche, which he defines as " ala3 

 squama3 tecta?." The Acanthopsychids differ strongly also from the 

 Oiketicids in the absence of the cellula intrusa which is well-developed 

 in the latter. Heylaerts diagnoses his Acanthopsyche as follows : 



Antennes bipectinees jusqu'au sommet ; les barbules diminuent en longueur du 

 milieu vers le sommet. Les tibias anterieurs portent une epine tibiale tres longue. 



He then subdivides it into three sections as follows : 



a. Les ailes anterieures ont onze nervures marginales. L'interne superieuie 

 s'anastomose avec la dorsale comme dans le genre Oiketicus. Les ailes posterieures 

 ont sept nervures marginales — Oiketico'ides, Heyl. (doubledayi, Westd., inqninata, 

 Led., opacclla, H.-S., zelleri, Mann). 



(3. Les ailes anterieures ont onze a douze nervures marginales. L'interne 

 superieure s'anastomose avec un petit rameau recourbe de la dorsale — Pachytelia, 

 Westd. (villosella, Ochs., unicolor, Hufn.). 



7, Les deux internes ne s'anastomosent pas — Amicta, Heyl. [quadrangularis, 

 Christ, heylaertsii, Mill. ( = sera, Wisk.), tedaldii, Heyl., lutca, Staud., febretta, 

 Boy.-de-Fons., ecksteini, Led., ritsemae, Heyl., uralensis, Frr. et sa var. demissa, 

 Led.]. 



The variation in the neuration of some of the individual species here 

 enumerated makes this subdivision almost impossible of acceptance, e.g., 

 in the series of Acanthopsyche opacclla in the British Museum collection, 

 are some examples that would be Oiketico'ides and others Amicta, the 

 majority the latter, and the great variation among the Psychids in 

 neuration, makes this character everywhere more than usually unsafe. 

 Chapman notes further that the anterior tibial spur may perchance 

 not be of absolute diagnostic value, on account of the possibility of its 

 having been independently lost in different places. With regard to 

 the antenna?, however, it would appear that, so far as Chapman's 

 observations have gone, the Acanthopsychids have lost the antennal 



