ACANTHOPSYCHE. 377 



with regard to their antennal scaling, but developed an anastomosis 

 between nervures lb and la, and the development of these particular 

 nervures is very characteristic of the Acanthopsychid section. Even 

 when nervure 16 is devoid of branches it is elbowed so as to show that 

 the branch to the inner margin and that which anastomosed with la once 

 existed. In the Oiketicids this development is specially well-marked, 

 lb and la anastomosing strongly and at exaggerated angles, whilst 

 extra nervules pass to the inner margin of the forewing and on the 

 hindwing a similar strong nervule passes to the costa. In T. epheme- 

 raeformis not only does lb and la anastomose, but it has rarely 

 only one, usually two, and sometimes three or more branches 

 towards the inner margin. Chalia has lost the branch of lb that 

 normally reaches the inner margin, and hence is a specialised 

 Acanthopsychid form. The Acanthopsychid Mqfatia is peculiar in 

 having lb and la separate and branchless as in the Micro-Psychids ; 

 it would appear, therefore, that this genus has lost the anastomosis of 

 lb and la and also the inner branch of lb as has Chalia. The character- 

 istic notch of the wing margin (especially the hindwing) at nervure 2 is 

 evidently connected with the same cause. It would appear, therefore, that 

 the Acanthopsychid branch specialised in its neuration in two directions : 

 (1) To the Oiketicids which increased the subsidiary nervures along 

 the opposed margins of the wings. (2) Through Amicta, Chalia, and 

 their allies, culminating in such forms as Moffatia, and tending to lose 

 the definite neurational characters of the group (Chapman). 



The anterior tibial spur may be lost in the Acanthopsychids and when 

 so it is quite evident that it was lost independently of, and at a later 

 period than in, the Psychinae. T. ephemerae form in is an Oiketicid in 

 the general characters of wing-scaling, want of antennal scales on 

 pectinations, branching of nervure 4 in discoidal cell, branching of the 

 anastomosed lb and la, extra branch of costal nervure of hindwing, 

 and distinct notch at nervure 2 on wing margins, yet it has lost the 

 anterior tibial spur leaving only a minute tubercle on the inner aspect 

 at the base of the tibia. The species placed in the genera Manatha, 

 HeylaerUia, Chaliodes, and Eurycyttarus by Hampson also appear to be 

 Acanthopsychids that have lost the anterior tibial spurs. 



The Acanthopsychid section is very poorly developed in the Palas- 

 arctic area, the species much resembling in general appearance the 

 Psychid division. On the other hand it is particularly well-developed 

 in tropical and subtropical regions, taking on many specialised forma 

 and comprising many extensive and well-marked groups. 



Genus : Acanthopsyche, Heylaerts. 

 Synonymy. — Genus: Acanthopsyche, Heyl., "Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.," xxv., pp. 

 00-70 (1881). Psyche, ?Meig., "Eur. Schmett.," iii., p. 11 (1S30) ; H.-Sch., " Sys. 

 Bearb.," ii., p. 20 (1845); vi., p. 175 (1850); " Neu. Schmett.," p. 7 (1850); Hdrch., 

 " Syst. Verz.," ed. 2, p. (1840) ; ed. 3, p. 24 (1851); Fuss, " Verb.. Sieb. Ver.," i., 

 p. 58 (1850) ; Newm., " Zool.," 1850, app. p. xcix ; Led., " Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien," 

 ii., abh. p. 74(1852); "Wien. Ent, Monats.," ii., p. 142 (1858) ; Speyer, " Stett. 

 Ent. Zeit.," 1852, p. 324; "Geog. Verb. Schmett.," i., p. 300 (1858) ; ii., p. 278 

 (1862); "Verh. Nat. Ver. Preuss. lihein.," xxiv., p. 182 (1807) ; Wocke, " Cat. Lep. 

 Siles.," p. 2 (1853); "Zeit. Ent. Bresl.," iii., p. 25 (1872); "J.-B. Schles. Ges. Vat. 

 Cult.," liii., p. 103 (1870) ; Bruand, " Mon. des Psych.," p. 5'J (1853) ; " Ann. Soc. 

 Ent. Fr.," 3rd ser., vi., p. 403 (1858) ; Mann, " Ver. z.-b. Ges. Wien," v., p. 150 

 (1855); Walk., " Cat. Lep. Het.," iv., p. 939 (1855); MM., "Lotos," vi., p. 145 (1850); 

 Sta., "Man.," L, p. 100 (1857); Moesch., "Neu. Laus. Mag.," xxxiv., p. 271 (1858); 

 Hein., "Schmett. Deutsch.," i., p. 182 (185 ( J) ; Kef. and Wernbg., " J.-B. Ak. 



