ACANTHOPSYCHE OPACELLA. 379 



depression, the oval of hooks large and strong ; lateral ridge large ; anal segment 

 with corneous plate ; true legs, strong and stout (hence look short), first pair 

 smallest, third pair largest. 



Pupa. — g . Fairly cylindrical ; head, prothorax and mesothorax forming sloping 

 truncate front, metathorax narrowed, abdominal segments tapering very slightly, last 

 three abdominal segments curved forwards ventrally ; wings fixed to abdominal seg- 

 ments 1-2, not adherent to front of 3, strongly marked neuration ; face-parts ventral ; 

 antennas large extending not quite to end of wings ; second pair of legs same length, 

 third pair of legs just beyond tips of wings, first pair of legs short ; abdominal segments 

 carry tubercles i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, vii, each with bristle ; row of dorsal anterior abdo- 

 minal hooks on 6, 7 and 8; row of intersegmental (posterior) spines on 3 (faintly), 

 4 and 5 ; proleg scars well marked ; anus with two ventral bosses each ending in a 

 blunt point and outside hooks ; ventrally on abdominal segment 9 is a median 

 depression with rounded mammilla on each side; face-parts well developed, clypeus 

 forms a boss above prominent labrum ; mandibles rounded, maxillae extend outwards 

 as a separate piece (which looks like a max. palpus) ; labium large, maxillae long, 

 rounded at ends, extending below eyes to antennae. ? . Cylindrical, tapering slightly 

 to head, more rapidly to anus ; no anal armature ; scars of prolegs and sexual 

 organs well-developed ; anterior margin of abdominal segments 6, 7 with a short 

 row of blunt recurved hooks (dorsal) ; intersegmental row of hooks on 2-5 short 

 and sharp ; spiracles small ; tubercular setae as in g ; antennas close to jaws ; legs 

 little more than buttons but joints obvious ; wings mere wrinkles ; face-parts flimsy, 

 removed on dehiscence. 



Imago. — <? . Eobust, wing-scales slender ; antennae scaled above, with hairs 

 beneath, pectinations unsealed with long hairs beneath ; legs long and slender, 

 femora with long hairs, anterior tibial spur "85 ; no posterior tibial spurs. ? . 

 Vermiform, projecting head, rudimentary antennal points, black eye-patches; rudi- 

 mentary second and third legs, the second with definite claw-like seta ; apterous ; 

 dorsal thoracic plates black-brown, shiny ; smaller plate on 1st abdominal; ventral 

 nervous chain from mesothorax to 7th abdominal ; ventral mammillae on 8th and 

 10th abdominals ; anal segment with fleshy projection. 



The three species which Chapman is inclined to refer to this genus 

 are all Palrearctic — opacella having a distribution throughout the whole 

 of Europe from Finmark to the Mediterranean, and from Asia Minor 

 and Transcaucasia to England; zelleri is confined to south-east Europe, 

 and ecksteini to Hungary. 



Acanthopsyche opacella, Hemch-Schaffer. 

 Synonymy. — Species: Opacella, H.-Sch., " Sys. Bearb.," ii., p. 20, pi. xix., fig. 102 

 (1845); "Neu. Schmett.," p. 7 (1856); figs. 2, 3 (1861); Stphs., " List. An. Brit. Mus.," 

 v., p. 310 (1850); 2nd ed., p. 52 (1856); Humph, and Westd., " Brit. Moths," i., p. 94 

 (1851); Hdrch., " Verz.," 3rd ed., p. 24 (1851) ; Spey., " Stett. Ent. Zeit.," 1852, 

 p. 324 ; " Geog. Verb. Schmett.," i., p. 306 (1858) ; ii., p. 278 (1862) ; " Verh. Nat. 

 Ver. Preuss. Bheinl.," xxiv., p. 182 (1867); Led., "Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien," ii., dbh. 

 p. 74 (1852); Brd., "Mon. Psych.," p. 59, pi. L, figs. 35a-b (1853); "Ann. Soc. 

 Ent. Fr.," 1858, p. 463; Wocke, " Cat. Lep. Siles.," p. 2 (1853) ; " Zeit. Ent. 

 Bresl.," iii., p. 25 (1872); "J.-B. Schles. Ges. Vat. Cult.," liii., p. 163 (1876) ; 

 Walk., "Cat. Lep. Het.," iv., p. 939 (1855); Mull., "Lotos," vi., p. 145 (1856) ; 

 Frr., "Neu. Beit.," pi. 663, figs. 2e-i (1856); Sta., "Man.," i., p. 166 (1857); 

 Moeseh., "Neu. Laus. Mag.," xxxiv., p. 271 (1858) ; Hein., " Schmett. Deutsch.," i., 

 p. 182 (1859) ; Hofm., " Berl. Ent. Zeit.," iv., pp. 20-21 (1860) ; Kef. and Wernbg., 

 "J.-B. Ak. Erfurt," i., p. 144 (1860); Staud., " Cat.," 1st ed., p. 27 (1861) ; 2nd 

 ed., p. 63 (1871); "Sett. Ent. Zeit.," 1861, p. 361; 1874, p. 58; " Hor. Soc. Ent. 

 Ross.," xiv., p. 349 (1879); Wilde, " Pfianz. Raup. Deutsch.," ii., p. 73 (1861) ; 

 Nick., "Lotos," xi., p. 154 (1861); Cooke, "Merrifield's Brighton," p. 213 (1864) ; 

 Hint., " Zeit. Ferdinand.," (3), xiii.. p. 232 (1867) ; Nolck., " Lep. Fn. Est.," p. 120 

 (1867) ; Tgstrm., " Not. Sallsk. F. F. Fenn.," x., p. 300 (sep. p. 10) (1869) ; Bang- 

 Haas, "Nat. Tids.," (3), ix., p. 407 (1874) ; (3), xii., p. 172 (1881) ; Merr., " Lep. 

 Calend.,"2nd ed., pp. 55, 67, 100 (1875); Hofn., "J.-B. Mus. Karnt.," xvi., p. 164 

 (1884) ; Sint., " Acad. Nat. Liv.," (2), vii., p. 335 (sep. p. 15) (1876) ; Curo, " Bull. 

 Soc. Ent. It.," viii., p. 143 (1876) ; Zell., " Stett. Ent. Zeit.," 1877, p. 434; Weil., 

 " Schmett. Imisb.," p. 15 (1877) ; Ilozsay, " Cat. Lep. Poson," p. 8 (1878) ; Tul\, 

 "Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.," xi., p. 170 (1879); Standf., "Zeit. Ent. Bresl.," vii., 

 j»p. 31, 42 (1879) ; Fritsch, " Banks. Akad. Wien," xli., p. 64 (1879) ; Peyer., " Cat. 



