380 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



Lep. Als.," 2nd ed., p. 58 (1880) ; Frey, "Lep. der Schweiz," p. 90 (1880) ; Hell., 

 '• Ber. Ver. Innsb.," xi., p. 90 (1881) ; Heyl., " Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg.," 1881, p. 70 ; 

 Schoyen, "Norg. Ak. Lep.," pp. 176-177 (1881) ; Hering, " Stett. Ent. Zeit.," xlii., 

 p. 154 (1881) ; Killias, " J.-B. Graubiinden," xxiii-xxiv., anh. p. 64 (1881) ; Kemp., 

 "Bovart. Lap.," i„ p. 99 (1884); Bom., "Mem. sur Lep.," ii., p. 7 (1885); Schmid, 

 " C.-B. Nat. Ver. Begensb.," xxxix., p. 83 (sep. p. 34) (1885); Lampa, " Ent. Tids.," 

 p. 38 (1885); Biihl, " Soc. Ent.," ii., p. 13 (1887); Pet., "Btr. Kennt. Beuss. 

 Beiches," (3), iv., p. 85 (1888) ; A. Hoffmn., " Stett. Ent. Zeit.," xlix., p. 151 

 (1888) ; liv., p. 144 (1893) ; Auriv., " Nord. Fjar.," p. 59 (1889) ; Teich, " Arb. Nat. 

 Ver. Biga," vi., p. 19 (1889) ; Pabst, " Iris," iii., p. 106 (1890) ; Dale, " Lep. 

 Dorset.," 2nd ed., p. 9 (1891) ; Stein., " Iris," v., p. 413 (1892) ; Barr., " Ent. Mo. 

 Mag.," xxx., p. 218 (1894) ; "Lep. Brit.," ii., p. 339(1895); Carad., "Iris," viii., 

 p. 86 (1895); Meyr., "Handbook," p. 444 (1895); Schiitze, "Iris," ix., p. 334 

 (1896); Lutz., "K.-B. Ver. Biga," xxxix., Bomb. no. 46 (1896); Beutti, "Lep. 

 Bad.." 2nd ed., p. 308 (1898). Furva [nee Bkh., " Eur. Schmett.," Hi., p. 282 

 (1790) =unicolor teste Chapman]; Wernbg., "Beit.," i., p. 376 (1864); Kirby, 

 " Cat. Lep. Het.," p. 507 (1892). ? Nigrella, Meig., "Eur. Schmett.," iii., p. 11, 

 pi. lxxxix., fig. 2 (1830). Hyalinella, Stphs., " List. An. Br. Mus.," v., p. 56 (1850). 

 Fenella, Newm., " Zool.," viii., app. p. xcix (1850). ? Atra, Fuss., " Verh. Sieb. 

 Ver.," i., p. 58 teste Czekelius (1850). Villosella, in part, Westd., " Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond.," 1854, p. 221 ( ? from Scotland). [Maritimella, Brd., sometimes given as a 

 synonym of this species, is not A. opacella. It has (and is figured with) yellowish 

 antenna and prothorax.] 



Original Description.* — Psyche opacella, Supp., fig. 102, 7"'-8"\ 

 Nigrocinerea, alis cinereis, parum hyalinalis. Fast nur halb so gross 

 als graminella, die Hinterfliigel kleiner, der Saum der Vorderfliigel 

 schriiger, ihre Spitze gerundeter, also so ziemlich der Habitus von 

 villosella, mit welcher sie auch hinsichtlich des plumpen Korpers und 

 der langen Behaarung iibereinkommt. Die Fiihler sind etwas langer. 

 Hinsichtlich der Kippen findet mehr Uebereinsthninungmit//ra/»*'m'Wa 

 statt ; nur Kippe 7 und 8 der Vorderfliigel entspringen auf gemein- 

 schaftlichem Stiel, die mittlere Abtheilung der Mittelzelle der Hinter- 

 fliigel ist gerader gestutzt. Die Fiihler sind braun, die Behaarung des 



* Some authors consider that Borkhausen's furva represents this species. 

 Wernebnrg writes : " The description which Borkhausen gives, its size and com- 

 parison with vestita, the narrow more pointed forewings, the larval case (figured in 

 Pt. xvii of the Naturforscher and here cited) all decidedly fit o})acella." The trans 

 lation of Borkhausen's description is as follows : " Phalaena Bombyx furva. The 

 dark grey black-changing casebearer. This is hardly more than half the size of 

 B. detrita or B. vestita. The forewings are narrower in proportion than the preceding 

 species [graminella, viciae, detrita, vestita) and have a sharp apex. The colour of 

 the insect on both sides is dark grey, strongly black in some lights. The wings are 

 covered with small, somewhat lighter, hairs, which form a neat border. The 

 antennae are black and, as in the allied species, strongly pectinated. The larva of 

 this species feeds on oak-leaves, and is found in spring. Its ground colour is dirty 

 yellow, the head shaded with brown and yellow stripes. A straight brown lateral 

 line on each side of the thoracic segments, and a narrow yellow dorsal line on the 

 prothorax and mesothorax, terminating on the metathorax in a dark brown spot. 

 The rest of the dorsal area is brown, with very fine and scarcely visible scattered 

 yellow dots, but the posterior segments (as also the anal claspers) are entirely brown. 

 The true legs are brown, corneous, the prolegs whitish-yellow, very small, looking 

 like tiny protuberant warts. The case is very ingeniously made of soft splinters of 

 bark, united by a fine white web. In the arrangement of the pieces of bark this 

 case resembles a bursting fir-cone." Borkhausen notes that " Miiller's observation 

 that the larva does not attach the case at the opening, but by the posterior end, is 

 surely a mistake. . . . The species also occurs in our district, as one some- 

 times finds the larva, although I have never been able to bring them through." 

 Borkhausen's description is taken almost verbatim from Miiller (Hanauisches 

 Magazin, iii., pp. 241-3), who states that Kiihn was elucidating the life-histories 

 of certain case-bearers, that on May 15th, 1780, he (Midler) observed a crawling 

 habitation containing a larva, that this larva agreed well in form with Kiihn's, but 



