PACHYTHELIA VILLOSELLAg 407 



extra dorsal tubercle bearing a minute hair, very far forward on the 

 abdominal segments close to anterior margin, in the same position as 

 the extra tubercle of Zeuzera pyrina (on which, however, no seta was 

 traced) ; this tubercle is very small and obscure, dorsal and anterior to 

 i and ii, lying in line with i longitudinally, and is called by Bacot 

 tubercle oi ; i, he says, is much smaller than ii, is on the 1st subseg- 

 ment, whilst the larger ii is on the 2nd subsegment. Bacot further 

 notes that the chitinous plates at base of dorsal tubercles are often 

 asymmetrical. In an example examined he found that on the 2nd 

 abdominal segment the plate at base of ii, on the left hand side, was 

 smaller than that on the right, and the actual tubercle and hair missing; 

 on the 3rd abdominal, plate ii on the right hand side was smaller than 

 on the left, and the hair and tubercle were wanting here also ; while 

 on the 4th abdominal, though tubercle and hair ii on right hand side 

 were present, the plate was smaller than that on the left hand side. 

 He further notes that the extra dorsal (or subdorsal) plates that were 

 observed in Standfussia zermattensis (Ent. Fwc, xi., pp. 180-1) are present 

 only on the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments, and in the specimens 

 examined are without a hair, so that it is possible these are corneous 

 plates, specially developed to protect these occasionally exposed seg- 

 ments ; they are on the 2nd subsegment and are placed between ii and 

 the lateral ridge. 



Puparium. — When full-fed the larva spins down the anterior end 

 of its case, and, turning round in it, adds to the other end a long silken 

 tube. It then appears to spin inside the lower part of the case a 

 certain amount of loose fluffy silk (much more so in the ? than in the 

 <?), and therein changes to a pupa. On emergence the $ pupa-case 

 projects considerably from the end of the tube, but the $ pupa-case 

 remains at the bottom of the puparium, the female herself wriggling 

 up the tube and opening the end for the insertion of the abdomen of 

 the male. Barrett states that the pupa state lasts about a month, but 

 in some instances over a year (This last statement seems quite in- 

 credible, and certainly wants confirmation). 



Pupa.- — $ . The male pupa is brown in colour, the appendages 

 rather paler and more transparent, the abdominal incisions rather 

 darker than the ground colour. Ventrally : The mouth black, the 

 eye-spots black ; the face-parts well-developed ; the apices of the fore- 

 wings, not quite meeting each other, extend over the posterior edge of 

 the 2nd abdominal segment ; the antennae very strongly developed, 

 two-ridged, segmented, and not reaching to the apices of the fore- 

 wings ; the scars of the prolegs on abdominal segments 4-6 very 

 conspicuous, and formed of a series of concentric ovals ; two sharp- 

 pointed hooks, much curved ventrally, each with a terminal point, 

 occupying a corresponding position to, and evidently analogous with, 

 the larval anal prolegs ; the anus between the bases of these points, so 

 that hooks are anterior to anus ; the third pair of legs terminates at 

 apices of forewings, the second pair terminates with the antennae, the 

 first pair falls short of the antennae. Dorsally : The prothorax frontal, 

 narrow ; the mesothorax shiny, exceedingly well-developed, with a 

 groove at base of forewing which stretches away ventrally ; the dorsum 

 medially ridged ; the metathorax also narrow, much widened laterally, 

 and continued laterally into the hind margin of the hindwing ; not 

 shiny like the mesothorax. The 1st and 2nd abdominal segments 



