PACHYTHELIA VILLOSELLA. 411 



egg-bag. The vermiform movements pass from tail to head, and 

 reversely, and this happens more or less continuously, so that it is 

 sometimes difficult to determine which is a segmental incision and 

 which a wrinkle caused by movement. Tubules (containing urates) 

 are also very visible subcutaneously, and these sometimes get caught 

 up and render the wrinkles more pronounced. With regard to the 

 emergence of the male, Mrs. Cowl notes that it takes less than a 

 quarter of an hour from the time that the pupa moves to the end of its 

 case, for the male to have its wings fully developed, the body being at 

 first pale and grublike but the segments quickly become compressed 

 and so covered with the longish black fur. Fowler states that the males 

 fly rapidly and then look inconspicuous, with an appearance something 

 like that of a small bee, and he has seen them assembling freely at 

 midday to a newly emerged female. Cowl, however, observes that in 

 June last (1899) a $ was at the opening of her tube one evening as if 

 awaiting a $ , and that on putting one in the glass in which she was, 

 they copulated at once, and remained in cop. for an hour ; he did not 

 afterwards appear able to pair with another the same evening, although 

 in the morning he was apparently strong and fit. McEae notes the 

 males as emerging about 6 p.m., and states that they soon mature and 

 quickly damage themselves ; he has three times observed them flying 

 in the early afternoon sunshine, and compares the flight with that of 

 Anarta myrtilli. Stevens says that when at Lyndhurst in 1848, he 

 kept the cases, from which imagines were emerging, in a bandbox 

 covered with fine gauze, in the garden, and that, although he was 

 living quite a mile from the heath where the cases were found, he 

 observed in the afternoon a number of males flying around the box, 

 no doubt attracted by a freshly emerged $ . The insect appears to be 

 confined (in Britain) to the extensive tracts of heathland in east Dorset 

 and Hants, where one finds the cases not uncommonly spun-up on the 

 heather-stems, &c. (Bankes) ; it occurs upon all the heaths in the New 

 Forest district but is more abundant at Wimborne and St. Leonards, 

 rarer in the New Forest proper (Fowler) ; on heaths all over south 

 Hants, sparingly, and in certain spots abundantly (McEae) ; cases found 

 somewhat freely in the neighbourhood of Bournemouth among the 

 heather, several found on May 28rd, 1899, at once spun-up for pupa- 

 tion (Cowl) ; the cases are in some seasons very abundant on heather 

 stems around Bloxworth (Cambridge) ; likes dry heathy ground in 

 sunny sheltered places, but also occasionally inhabits moist swampy 

 places (Barrett). Fowler says that to obtain the cases he searches 

 during the months of March and April the trunks of fir trees ; the 

 cases are generally to be found from 1ft. -2ft. from the ground. This 

 appears to be the favourite position taken up for pupation, although 

 cases are also to be obtained from the ends of twigs of Vlex europaeus. 

 In Germany, both on the northern tableland and in south Germany, 

 it is rare ; it occurs at Batisbon, but is extremely local on hillsides and 

 in grassy coppices (Hofmann). Petersen says that at Lechts cases 

 were first found on boggy ground on birch and fir-trunks, that from 

 about 40 cases collected only a single $ emerged (June 24th), but that 

 by placing freshly emerged ? s in the localities whence the cases 

 had come the males were attracted so fast that he was quite unable 

 to prevent their copulating, and thus many ? s were rendered unavail- 

 able for further attraction. Milliere notes it as one of the most 



