426 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



buckthorn, &c, but mature cases are always scarce, especially male 

 ones. Bruand collected larvae on sallow in October in the Dept. du 

 Doubs ; in the spring they ate the catkins until the leaves appeared, 

 pupation took place at the end of May, and the imagines emerged a 

 month later. He further notes that when the larva is startled by a 

 noise, it crouches closely to the leaf or branch on which it is placed 

 (contrary to the larva? of Canephora unicolor and Bijur/is bombycella 

 which, under similar circumstances, fall immediately to the ground). 

 Wood observes that the male and female larvae take up different 

 positions for pupation. The cases of the latter stand upright in the 

 forks of the twigs, and are so firmly fixed as to allow of no play, 

 whereas the male cases are attached somewhat loosely to the trunks 

 and with the tail end downwards after the manner of Taleporia tubnlosa, 

 at least, this was the position of the only two male cases he ever found 

 and from which he bred the moths. Standfuss observes that the male 

 larva prefers to pupate on lichen -covered tree-trunks at a height of 

 from 1ft. -5ft. from the ground, the female, on the other hand, 

 generally on the leaves, or twigs of lower or higher bushes. Hofmann 

 also notes that male larva? spin their cases about 2ft. -4ft. from the 

 ground on oak-trunks, whilst female cases are spun-up on the twigs 

 of young oak trees, and Eeutti has observed the female larva? to spin 

 up on the leaves, whereas the male cases are to be found lower down 

 on the trunk. 



Larva. — The newly hatched larva is dirty-yellow in colour, the 

 thoracic segments, with horny legs, are covered with a thick coating 

 of chitin, the abdominal segments and prolegs are soft ; the true legs 

 alone are used for walking, the prolegs for holding to the case. The 

 fullgrown larva is short and thick, the head, rather large and broad, 

 is glossy greyish-white, with brown stripes and spots; the mouth-parts 

 yellowish-brown ; the thoracic segments fleshy-white, with brownish 

 stripes, corneous ; the true legs white, with dark brown rings, and 

 yellowish claws ; the abdominal segments yellow-brown and rather 

 weak ; anal claspers somewhat lighter ; stigmata whitish and very 

 distinct. The male larva longer and thinner than the female 

 (Heylaerts). The fidlgroivn larva is somewhat cylindrical, but at- 

 tenuated anteriorly when stretched, the segments gradually increasing 

 in width from the prothorax to the 4th abdominal, after which they 

 decrease slowly to anal segment. Head : Considerably flattened, 

 depressed medially at crown ; black, with several paler markings which 

 consist of two large pale patches one on each cheek, a short transverse 

 line fron tally between them, two vertical lines frontally one each side 

 of the middle line ; strongly and coarsely reticulated ; the antenna? 

 two-jointed ; one large seta on the upper part of each cheek and three 

 others just above base of antenna ; the ocelli exceedingly inconspicuous; 

 the head partly retractile into a loose fold of pale-coloured skin, 

 between it and prothorax. Thorax : The prothorax covered with a pale 

 yellowish corneous plate, rather coarsely reticulated, continuous dorsally 

 and laterally to the spiracular flange, the mesothoracic plate is rather 

 less complete, a small section separated to form a lateral plate just 

 above spiracular flange, the metathoracic still smaller, similarly 

 arranged, but divided into two by a very distinct suture medially; 

 these segments also with a second lateral plate below flange form- 

 ing basal leg-plate. The irregular dark markings on these form 



