TEIOHIURA CRATAEGI. 498 



a considerable quantity of loose outside spinning in which moss and 

 pieces of leaves are mixed up. (2) Composed of fine particles of 

 earth spun together, of about the consistency of thick brown 

 paper and with its outer part very smooth. This is usually spun 

 just below the surface of the ground, and is sometimes loosely 

 attached to grass roots. The cocoon is about two-thirds of an inch in 

 length, and slightly over one-third of an inch in width, and leaves 

 inside only just sufficient space to accommodate the pupa. The inside 

 of the cocoon is lined with whitish silk. It is not very unlike the 

 cocoon of Poecilocampa populi. Greene observes that he has once or 

 twice found the cocoon at roots of poplar, the larva having " probably 

 wandered from some neighbouring hawthorn "—the larva is, of course, 

 occasionally a poplar feeder. Eaynor notes the cocoon in confinement as 

 generally attached to the side of a flower-pot or to a sherd among loose 

 soil. Arkle records a brood pupating among moss. Burrows notes that 

 a larva pupated in a tough cocoon on surface of ground on June 17th, 

 1889. Fenn describes the cocoon as very hard, compact, oval, shell- 

 like, very rough outside, internally .lined with whitish shiny silk, 

 spun among rubbish on the surface of the ground. 



Pupa. — The pupa is about 14mm. in length and 4 , 7mm, in width 

 at the 4th abdominal segment. It is dark brown in colour, somewhat 

 shiny, except the wing-cases, which are noticeably dull. The skin is 

 somewhat wrinkled transversely. There is a trace of a central median 

 ridge on the thoracic segments, and a double on the abdominal. 

 Dorsally : The prothorax forms an almost vertical face ; the meso- 

 thorax large, with a faint mediodorsal ridge in front, and a depression 

 on either side of the swollen median area ; the metathorax is narrow 

 centrally, widening out at the sides, whence the hindwings originate. 

 The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th abdominal segments increase gradually in 

 size, both longitudinally and transversely, the pupa having its greatest 

 width at the 3rd and 4th segments. Thence the segments gradually 

 decrease in width to the cremaster, which is covered with short, stiff, 

 black hairs. Each of the abdominal segments after the 3rd consists 

 of two areas — the anterior roughened, the roughnesses suggesting the 

 bases of an aborted spine or bristly structure, the posterior smooth to 

 prevent friction in the movable incisions. Movement occurs between 

 4-5, 5-6, 6-7. The spiracles protrude so as to be seen dorsally. 

 Laterally : The prothoracic spiracle is placed in the incision between the 

 prothorax and mesothorax, and in contact with the antenna ; the glazed 

 eye forms a smooth, shiny, dark brown lunule, extending from the 

 antenna to the base of the leg ; the skin of the antennas and wings is 

 much wrinkled ; there is a raised shoulder and, parallel to the hind 

 margin of the wing, a distinctly elevated ridge ('? Poulton's line). 

 The spiracles are seen on the 2nd, 3rd, 4tb, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th 

 abdominal segments, each consists of a projecting black oval rim. 

 The segmental incisions between 4-5, 5-6, 6-7 are very conspicuous. 

 The 8th abdominal is of a brighter red-brown than are the other seg- 

 ments, and the spiracle is more prominent and looks somewhat double, 

 although the slit is evidently somewhat aborted. The skin about the 

 spiracles is pitted and sparingly covered with fine, pale, short hairs 

 that do not extend into the dorsal region. Ventrally ; The dorsal 

 head-piece projects slightly in front of the prothorax ; the first pair of 

 legs is short, the second not quite so long as the antennae which 



