LACHNEIS LANESTRIS. 501 



and the most specialised in the direction of sexual dimorphism, the 

 females being almost of the same red tint as those of L. rimicola, but 

 with the basal mark and the transverse line of the forewings indicated 

 in orange, the central spot as conspicuous as in L. lanestris, although the 

 transverse shade of the hindwing has disappeared. The male is of 

 a rich orange tint from the transverse line to the base of the forewings, 

 the thorax and abdomen also orange, the outer margin of the forewings of 

 the same reddish colour as that of the female but paler, and the hind- 

 wings grey. A pair from Giessen (Frey coll.) are exceptionally fine, 

 the red of the female quite bright, and the hindwingsand outer margin 

 of the forewings of the $ are tinged with pink. The anal tuft of L. 

 catax is browner than that of L. rimicola, which is grey, but much 

 less white than that of L. lanestris. One would suspect from the 

 oval basal mark of L. catax, which is very like that of Poecilocampa 

 pnpuli, Trichiura crataegi, Malacosoma castrensis, &c.,in general features, 

 that this species exhibited, in its female form, the more ancestral 

 characters of the genus. There can be no doubt about the specialisa- 

 tion of the male in this species. Standfuss thinks that L. catax and 

 L. rimicola, both central European species, which appear as imagines 

 in the autumn and pass the winter in the egg state, may have prob- 

 ably separated from the closely allied species which still hybernate as 

 pupas, and, by emerging at a different time of the year, have become 

 isolated, and formed first of all permanent races, and later well-defined 

 species. Ochsenheimer says that L. catax sometimes passes two or 

 three years in the pupal stage. 



Lachneis lanestris, Linne. 

 Synonymy. — Species : Lanestris, Linn., " Sys. Nat.," 10th ed., i., p. 499, no. 15 

 (1753); 12th ed., p. 815, no. 28 (1767); " Fauna Suec," p. 292, no. 1105 (1761); Scop., 

 " Ent. Cam.," p. 199, no. 499 (1763) ; Mull., " Faun. Frid.," p. 39, no. 352 (1764) ; 

 " Zool. Dan. Prod.," p. 117, no. 1354 (1776) ; Fab., " Sys. Ent.," p. 566, no. 37 

 (1775); " Spec. Ins.," ii., p. 179, no. 53 (1781) ; " Mant.," ii., p. 113, no. 61 (1787); 

 "Ent. Sys.," p. 429, no. 68 (1793) ; Wilkes, " Nat. Hist.," pi. liii (1773) ; Schiff., 

 "Sys. Verz.," p. 57, L, no. 2 (1776) ; Fuess., "Mag.," L, p. 270(1778); " Neu. 

 Mag.," ii., p. 72 (1782) ; Goze, " Ent. Beit.," iii., p. 299, no. 28 (1779) ; Esp., 

 " Schmett. Eur.," iii., pi. xvii., figs. 2-8, p. 93 '1783) ; View.," Tab. Verz.," i., p. 

 36, no.l4(1789); Brahm, "Ins. Kal.," p. 288,'no. 179; p. 544, no. 405 (1790) ; 

 Bork., " Sys. Besch.," iii., p. 123, no. 33 (1790) ; " Rhein. Mag.," i., p. 366 (1793) ; 

 Donov., " Nat. Hist. Brit. Ins.," vi., p. 73, pi. 210 (1797); Hb., " Eur. Schmett.," iii., 

 p. 143, no. 3, pi. xxxviii., figs. 169, 170 (?1800); " Larv£eLep.,"iii., Bomb. O, b, fig. 

 la (?1803); Hb., "Verz.," p. 185 (? 1822); Schrk., " Fauna Boica," ii., Abth. 1, p. 278, 

 no.l463(1801); Abth. 2, p. 154, no. 13 (1802); Latr., " Genera, &c.,"iv.,p. 218 (1809); 

 Ochs., " Die Schmett.," iii., p. 289 (1810); Germ., " Prod. Sist. Bomb.," p. 16 (1811) ; 

 Godt., "Hist. Nat.," iv., p. 108, pi. xi., figs. 1-2 (1822); Stphs., " 111. Haust.," ii., p. 

 44, no. 45 (1S28) ; " Cat. Brit. Ins.," p. 48 (1829) ; "List Br. An. Br. Mus.," v., 1st 

 ed., p. 46 (1850) ; 2nd ed., p. 43 (1856) ; Curt., " Guide," p. 142 (1829) ; Meig., 

 " Eur. Schmett.," ii., p. 199 (1830); Wood, " Ind. Ent.," no. 47 (1839); Bdv., " Gen. 

 et Lid.," p. 69, no. 566 (1840); Dup., " Cat. Lep. Eur,," p. 76 (1844); Evers., "Faun. 

 Volg.-Ural.," p. 155 (1844) ; H.-Sch., " Sys. Bearb.," ii., p. 108 (1847) ; Humph, and 

 Westd., " Brit. Moths," 2nd ed., p. 52, pi. x., figs. 3-4 (1851) ; Fit., " Neu. Beit.," vi., 

 p. 179 (1852); Sfca., "Man.," i., p. 154 (1857); Hein., " Schmett. Deutsch.," p. 210 

 (1859) ; Humph., " Gem Brit. Moths,' 5 p. 26 (1860) ; Rbr., " Cat. Lep. And.," p. 

 353 (1866) ; Snell., " De Vlind.," p. 188 (1867) ; Nolck., " Lep. Fn. Est.," p. 127 

 (1868) ; Newm., "Brit. Moths," p. 42 (1869) ; Wallgm., " Skand. Het. Fjar.," (2), 

 p. 84 (1869) ; Stand., " Cat.," p. 68 (1871); " Bom. Mem.," vi., p. 314 (1892); Bang- 

 Haas, "Nat. Tids.," (3), ix., p. 412 (1874); Guen., " Lep. Eure-et-Loir," p. 80 (1875); 

 Cur6, "Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.," viii., p. 149 (1876); Mill., " Iconog.," hi., p. 283 

 (1877) ; Lanipa, "Ent. Tids.," vi., p. 41 (1885); Buckl., "Larvae, &c," iii., p. 78, 

 pi. xlviii., ii;;. L (1889); Auriv., "Nord. Fjar.," p. 62 (1889); "Iris," vii., p. 145 

 (1894); Strom, "Damn. Somni.," p. 81 (1891); Kirby, " Cat.," p. 833 (1892); 

 Beut., "Act. Soc. F. F. Fenn.," ix., p. 29 (1893); Carad., "Iris," viii., p. 91 



