LACHNEIS LANESTRIS. 513 



the labrum, mandibles, labial palpi, and the maxillae well-developed, 

 and enclosed with the first and second pairs of legs by the antenna?, 

 the tips of the third pair of legs only showing just beyond the apices 

 of the wings. The antennas reach nearly to the apices of the wings 

 and enclose a comparatively large area (a character very noticeable in 

 the pupae of species belonging to this family). The glazed eye is 

 almost of the same pale brown colour as the general hue of the pupa, 

 and is very large and prominent. The wings are so transparent that 

 the ventral portions of the first three abdominal segments are more or 

 less visible. The sexual organs are very distinct, and there are marks 

 on the venter of the abdominal segments 5-8, which suggest the 

 position of the prolegs. Dorsally : The frontal part of the head with 

 two well-defined' prominences. The prothorax well-developed; the 

 mesothorax large and prominent, the prothoracic spiracle low down (in 

 contact with the antenna), black, ill-developed and inconspicuous ; the 

 metathorax not prominent, but well-developed laterally, where it gives 

 rise to the posterior wings. The abdominal segments increase in size 

 from the 1st to the 4th, and then decrease to the anal segment. 

 Laterally : The abdominal spiracles are large, well-developed, with 

 black centres and prominent red-brown rims, on abdominal segments 

 2-7, but aborted on 8 (and apparently also on 9). The cremastral 

 area is very rounded, and smooth with the exception of a few stray 

 black hairs. Borkhausen notes that the pupa is similar to that of L. 

 everia and has, like that, two elevated knobs on the front segment. 



Parasites. — Fifty per cent of the individuals in many broods 

 appear to be attacked by dipterous and hymenopterous parasites. 

 Mera exhibited, on March 15th, 1898, at the City of London Entomo- 

 logical Society, a cocoon of L. lanestris, in which he had found the 

 larval skin, two pupa-cases of parasitic diptera, one large and one 

 small, the dead imago that had emerged from the larger pupa, but 

 which had not been able to escape from the compact walls of the 

 cocoon, whilst the leg of a dipterous imago protruded from the smaller 

 pupa, but there had been no room for its emergence. Species noted : 

 Eunjlabus dims,* Grav. (Bignell), Phaeoyenes calopus, Wesm. (Bignell), 

 Ophion obscurus (Bairstow). 



Food-plants. — Tilia, Primus spinosa, Salix (Linne), whitethorn, 

 bramble (Riding), plum (Foddy), elm (Raynor), ling (Wylie), birch 

 (Bower), sallow (A. H. Jones), cherry, birch, willow (Kaltenbach), oak 

 (Esper), fruit-trees (Dickore), apple (Burrows), plum (Miller), Salioc 

 caprea (Hering), Alnus viridis (Frey), Vaccinium uliginosum, Corylus, 

 Salix fragilis, Sorbus, Rhamnus (Riihl), dwarf sallow (Teich), Pyrus 

 (Graeser), apricot (Hoffmann). 



Habits and Habitat. — The imago is rarely seen wild. The male 

 is not attracted by light, but the female is now and again obtained 

 near a batch of eggs on a hawthorn twig. Barrett notes that on one 

 occasion he picked a hawthorn twig on which a batch of eggs had been 

 laid and hal carried the twig some distance before he observed that 

 what he had taken for a dead leaf on the twig was the female (vide, antea, 

 pp. 446-117). Imagines frequently beaten out of small hedges and 

 from tree-trunks in March and April in the Zurich district (Riihl). It 



* Sauveur has (Ann. Soc. Ent. Bely., v., p. 70) a brief note on the oviposition 

 of Eurylabus dims in the skin of L. lanestris. 



G G 



