540 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



considerably in the amount of the leaden-blue markings, which are 

 more strongly developed in those larvae that produce males. The 

 whitish dorsal stripe is also much more distinct in some examples than 

 in others, and here again the male larvae have it the more distinctly 

 marked. The fulvous hairs are also denser on the male larvae." 

 Whittle says : " One often sees larvae approaching those figured by 

 Buckler (Larvae, pi. 1) in which the orange dorsal and the blue lateral 

 streaks have increased at the expense of the usual dark coloration." 

 Buckler figures (Larvae, &c, pi. 1., figs. 1, la, lb) three different forms 

 of the full-grown larva : 



(1) The dorsal area red-brown, with a darker median line, below this is a paler 

 reddish, subdorsal, longitudinal line, directly below this is another longitudinal line, 

 alternately marked transversely with blue and black, beneath this again is a bright 

 yellow supraspiracular line, a blue-grey spiracular, and an orange subspiracular 

 line ; the yellow spiracular line is continued as a frontal line across the prothorax 

 and shows up distinctly the bluish-grey head (fig. 1). 



(2) The dorsal area brown, with a bluish-grey median longitudinal line, a 

 yellow subdorsal, beneath which is another longitudinal line marked alternately 

 with blue and black transversely, below this is the yellowish supraspiracular line 

 and a blue-grey spiracular ; the yellow spiracular line is also continued frontally 

 across the prothorax ; the head is bluish-grey (fig. la). 



(3) The dorsal area blackish-grey, the mediodorsal line broken up into blue 

 spots on abdominal segments 1-8 ; the subdorsal orange line, continuous over the 

 thoracic and 1st and 2nd abdominal segments, is also broken up into spots on seg- 

 ments 3-8, and placed on same subsegments as the blue spots of the mediodorsal 

 line ; this is followed by a continuous bright blue longitudinal line ; beneath this is 

 a yellow supraspiracular, darkened at the segmental incisions, and below this is a 

 continuous blue spiracular line, separated from the greyer ventral area by a fine 

 black one (fig. lb). 



Romanoff observes that the larvae of the Transcaucasian eastrensis 

 differ from those of central Europe, being " greyish-blue in colour, 

 with only two very narrow bands of reddish-tawny on the back." He 

 further notes that the larvae found in Persia present the same 

 differences. 



Pupation. — The cocoon is spun up among the food-plants, or in the 

 low herbage near. Jones found cocoons by searching among the long 

 grass growing near the top of the sea-wall below Gravesend, many, 

 however, were empty, the pupae having been extracted by birds. Zeller 

 found cocoons spun up among the leaves of an Artemisia, on June 

 16th, 1869, at Meseritz, in Posen. 



Cocoon. — The cocoon consists of a large quantity of loose, flossy 

 white silk, outside, and a more closely woven cocoon, of a pale yellow 

 colour, within. The latter is about one and a half inches long and 

 half an inch wide. It is somewhat pointed at both ends, more so at 

 the bottom than at the top, but the latter is rather more loosely 

 woven. The yellow inner cocoon has a felted appearance, is thin, and 

 coated inside with yellow particles of aragonite, which are freely 

 sprinkled on the pupa. Newman says that the cocoon is rather tough, 

 oblong, of fine pale-coloured silk, interspersed with a powder much 

 resembling flower of sulphur. 



Compound cocoons.- — On several occasions three or four larvae united 

 in making a large cocoon, in which the pupae were found without any 

 separating partitions (on the other hand some of the larvae are very 

 lazy in constructing a cocoon, and become pupae without making one 

 at all) (Fisher). 



Pupa. — The pupa is remarkable for the contrast in colour between 



