34 A. W. HOWITT ON THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND 
Tambo rivers, and on the banks of the arms of Lake Tyers; but it 
does not seem anywhere to extend to the hills of older formation 
on the north or to the sea-coast on the south. Its surface has evi- 
dently been much affected by denudation and is irregular. The 
rivers have cut deeply into it, leaving high yellow cliffs, which are 
rugged or crumbling as the texture of the great limestone bed varies. 
It probably does not anywhere rise more than 250 to 300 feet above 
the sea-level. 
5. Pliocene. 
(«) Mottun-Creck beds §c.—Overlying the Bairnsdale Limestone, 
filling in its hollows and extending from the hills to the sea-coast, 
are the Upper Tertiary or Pliocene beds. These are mainly sandy, 
clayey, or gravelly deposits, with sometimes, as at Sandy Creek, 
coarse sandy flags or ferruginous conglomerates, with occasional 
concretionary ferruginous bands containing casts of marine shells. 
Collections of these have been submitted to Professor M‘Coy, who 
considers them to be Lower Pliocene and, in some cases, possibly 
Upper Miocene *. 
On the sea-coast at Jemmy’s Point there are calcareous sandstones 
and marls with Upper Pliocene shells similar to those of Wanganui 
in New Zealand, and characterized among others by a new T'rigoma 
(1. Howitti, M‘Coy) and by a Struthiolaria t. 
These marine Tertiary formations, speaking of the whole, rise 
gently from the sea-coast, and thin out, as I have before indicated, in 
the hill-country at heights which vary somewhat in places, but 
which probably may be taken at an average of from 600 to 700 feet 
above sea-level; and I think that no traces of any marine formation of 
Tertiary age are to be found at more than 800 feet above the sea. 
At any rate, though well acquainted with the whole line of contact, 
I know of none. 
The Upper Pliocene fossils of Jemmy’s Point and Lake Tyers are 
the youngest yet found. Regarding these formations in their strati- 
graphical relations, there does not appear to be any well-marked 
break or unconformity to the present time. The indications of 
changing conditions are those seen in the slightly varying composi- 
tion of the various beds and in the evidence of long-continued but 
intermitting elevation of the land, continuing probably to the 
present time. 
6. Pleistocene and Recent. 
We may assume that the upper margin of the sandy and clayey 
beds represents a period somewhat later than the Upper Pliocene 
sandstones of Jemmy’s Point, on which similar sandy clays and 
ferruginous conglomerate beds rest in places. We see that subse- 
quently the rivers have excavated wide valleys in the Tertiary fringe 
of the land. There are also to be seen a series of two or more ter- 
races, extending often from near the coast-line, almost invariably 
i Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Victoria, No. 2, p. 72. 
Ibid. 
