J. F, CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 103 
sufficient to account for the colder Alpine and Scandinavian climate 
which is recorded in Kurope, and which now belongs to the Arctic 
current of the Atlantic and to countries near it—to Greenland, to 
Labrador, to Newfoundland, and to the coasts of North America. 
About lat. 45°S., glaciers in New Zealand, considered with 
shells found under moraines in Northern Italy, and with the effect 
produced on climate by the Arctic, current of the Atlantic, may 
account for marks of glaciers found near Cannes in the South of 
France by Mr. Moggridge and for the large old glaciers of Northern 
Italy. 
ae lat. 40° N. small Caucasian glaciers account for marks of 
glaciers found in America, or for any which may be found in Asia 
or elsewhere about the same latitude. 
About lat. 37° N. ice now drifting in the Atlantic may account 
for the transport of northern drift southward, over plains, to St Louis 
in America, or into the plains of Africa. If these African plains 
where recent shells are found, when last submerged, were in the 
course of a cold polar current which passed near hills on which gla- 
ciers grew, and were within reach of drifting ice, then any record 
of cold is explained by a local marine cold climate near the same 
latitude in the southern hemisphere. 
About lat. 36° 8S. enormous masses of drifting ice now are distri- 
buting southern drift of glacial origin in some parts of the southern 
hemisphere which are now submerged, and which are in the conrse 
of cold drift. In other submerged southern regions, about lat. 36°S., 
no icebergs have been found. Modern marine drift is local north 
and south of the equator. That modern local marine southern drift 
in lat. 36° 8S. may account for old local northern drift from the pole 
to lat. 36° N., if it appears otherwise that the northern region was 
sunk during its cold period, as the southern region nowis. It does 
so appear in many parts of the northern world, notably in Europe. 
Recent sea-shells and old northern drift, present submergence, and 
local cold climate coincide in latitude down to lat. 36° N. 
From about 37° N. to 27° N. glaciers abound in the Himalayas. 
Many of them are on or near rocks which were formed at the bottom 
of a sea where Ammonites and other sea-creatures died. ‘The crust, 
in folding, probably sank as much as it rose. Anywhere within 27° 
of the equator an old record of cold may be explained by the glaciers 
of India and by existing local cold climates elsewhere in the world 
north or south between 27° and 90°. That was, and now is, my 
theory based upon observed facts. 
Within 8° of the line Livingstone found marks near Lake Tan- 
ganyika, in Southern Africa, which he attributed to African glaciers. 
Mr. Belt* found marks in Nicaragua which he also attributed to 
glacial action. I have seen marks in Ceylon which are like glacial 
marks. Agassiz found marks of a glacier which filled the valley 
of the Amazon, upon which marks he built his famous theory of 
* This very able observer was lost to science in 1878; I have to regret a 
friend and an adversary in glacial arguments, who was always fair and 
honest, 
