104 J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 
ice-caps. Wishing to judge for myself, I found no glacial record in 
Ceylon. Ihave not been to Nicaragua, or to the Amazon, or to 
Central Africa. But given a region of great condensation and sufii- 
cient altitude within the influence of a cold stream of air or of water 
in any latitude, then that which is a fact in Nepal may explain any 
local record of glaciation near the same latitude, in Africa, or in 
Nicaragua, or in South America, or anywhere near the line. In 
fact, Kilimandjaro and Mount Kenia, close to the equator in Africa, 
are capped with snow. One is an active volcano liable to grow 
higher or sink lower during eruptions. So glaciers may haye existed 
there at the equator. It is a question of fact. 
As sea-water under the line now is colder than 32° F. at the sea- 
bottom, land under the line now raised, which was at the bottom of 
the sea, may bear record of a cold submarine climate without tra- 
velling out of the world’s geological records into astronomy. But I 
needed more facts and more records, so I went to India to seek them. 
It seemed to me, in September 1876, that cold local climates which 
resulted of old from changes like those which have certainly oc- 
curred suffice to explain the ice-record which I have learned to read 
and have tried to translate. Drifting ice now floats towards the 
equator as far as any “erratic ” that I had seen; glaciers now exist 
nearer to the equator than any old glacier-mark that I had been 
able to find for myself before I set out. 
20. That was the state of my facts, and my theory based upon 
them, a theory which I was prepared to abandon and wished to test. 
On these facts, and on this method of reasoning from my facts, I had 
framed these propositions :— 
(a) “If the “ice-cap” ever came down from the north pole to the 
equator, it must have come down from Central Asia upon India.” 
(b) “Sf a late glacial period has in fact left a record in Europe 
and America and in Asia, wt ought to be legible in India. Glacier- 
marks ought to found on the hills far beyond the present limits of 
glaciers. Hrratics carried on rce-rafts afloat on rivers or lakes, or in 
the sea, ought to be found south of lat. 37° in plains.” 
(c) “Lf the glacal period was general and recent, existing glaciers 
must have been larger everywhere, in something like the same proportion, 
in the Alps, in Northern India, and elsewhere in the northern hemi- 
sphere.” 
To see for myself whether I could or could not discover a glacial 
record to confute or confirm my own opinion, I intended to be one 
of my studies when I started for India in September 1876. I wished, 
above all, to see the country about the sources of the chief rivers, 
Siccim, and the highest mountains in the world. 
The following are the results obtained in India in 1875-76, and 
opinions based on observations made since 1840, along the routes 
which I have marked roughly ona globe. The value of this opinion 
must be judged by the Society to which I have the honour to belong, 
if they are pleased to accept this paper. 
