J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 105 
Summary. 
The general result of sections III., IV., V. is that Indian glaciers 
are near about as large as they have been since the deposition of 
the crumpled Tertiary beds which are called ‘“‘ Nahuns” and “ Shi- 
valiks.” “The glacial period” is dated ‘‘ Postpliocene.” The 
Indian ground traversed extends from Ceylon to Kangra, near 
lat. 52° N., and includes Lower Himalayan slopes between the river 
Ravee, lat. 32° N., and Darjeeling in lat. 27° 28! near long. 90° E. 
The result of section V. is the same for the Caucasus, about 40° N., 
and for the Rocky Mountains, about lat. 36° to 37°. About lat. 45°— 
46° in Northern Italy glaciers certainly were a great deal larger in 
Postpliocene times. ‘There is reason to believe that glaciers existed 
as far south as Calabria, near lat. 30°, in ‘‘ Miocene” times; that 
is, about the latitude of Simla and Hirdwar. The general conclu- 
sion 1s in section VI., and the result of the whole paper is in the 
first paragraph and in the last. The facts are in sections III. to 
VI.; and to them I beg to refer readers who wish to test my con- 
clusions. 
Ill. India. 
21. 5° to 18° N. lat. Iwill give my observations in geographical 
order, working northwards from the torrid zone to ice, crossing the 
track of the “ ice-cap” eastwards and westwards. 
In May 1875 I travelled to Ceylon, and went to the highest point 
in the island, 8526 feet above the sea, at Pedro Tullagulla. Frosts 
occur in winter at hill-stations there, and the climate is cool. I 
could find no mark of glacial action between 5° and 10° north lati- 
tude. ‘That which I observed in Ceylon is described in the paper 
numbered (9). The rock is chiefly gneiss. I found all marks 
of weathering and of “ pluvial erosion,’ and some forms in gneiss 
like “roches moutonnées” with “ perched blocks” of gneiss on 
them. These result from weathering in se¢u and from the structure 
of gneiss. 
22. In February 1877 I went from Madras by rail to the Nil- 
ehiri hills. The plains where I saw them are on gneiss, with low 
hills of gneiss rising like islands in the plains. Their outlines are 
hollow curves ~ like the sides of a tent, and their shapes result 
from the wearing of rains. The western Ghats have long spurs, of 
like outline, extending like promontories and chains of islands east- 
ward into the plains. They extend chiefly on the strike of the 
eneiss. Seen end on, these hills are topped by spires, of which some 
overhang the base on the dip. Seen sideways, these spires appear 
as long undulating ridges. They are the edges of harder beds in 
weathered gneiss. I went up to Coonoor, and to Ootacomund, and 
to the top of Dodopetta, 8760 feet above the sea and the highest 
point in Southern India. Frosts occur in these hill-regions, and the 
climate is cool within 11° of the line. The hills which I saw are 
eneiss, and their highest points and ridges are the hardest beds 
washed bare by the rains. Seen from above, outlines are hollow 
curves ~, not rounded ~~, as they are in glaciated countries. 
