J, F, CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS, 107 
edge of the plateau are all the forms which are commonly produced 
by the weathering of trap,—“ stairs” (trappa), cones, pyramids, 
cubical masses, spires, peaks, jagged sierras, and such like, and 
through them all run the horizontal layers of this great outpouring 
of igneous rock. The granite country is like the Sierra Nevada 
above the plains of California. The trap country is hke the Cascade 
range in Oregon, without the voleanic cones; it is like parts of Ice- 
land, the Faroe Islands, the north of Skye, the Isle of Mull, and 
part of Ireland, where igneous rocks have weathered. I saw no 
marks of glacial action between Madras and Bombay. I saw clear 
records of long-continued pluvial denudation, the work of an engine 
which acts vertically and wears down hills, and spreads their ruins 
on plains and plateaux. The edges of the Indian plateau are 
furrowed by streams and worn into shapes which depend in some 
degree upon the structure of the material which is carved. 
Up to lat. 18° I saw nothing to indicate glacial action in the shape 
of the surface of India. The strange forms of weathered granite in 
the country have been explained by alegend. When Sita, the wife 
of Rama, was carried off to Ceylon, a bridge was needed by the 
armies of Rama. His allies, the monkeys, fetched stones from the 
Himalayas and built Adam’s bridge. ‘The ruins are in Palk’s Strait, 
Piles of spare materials were left about Hyderabad in cairns and 
ridges. I have often heard these same mounds attributed to glacial 
action ; but Indian geologists generally attribute them to weathering 
in situ, as I do. 
24. About lat. 17° 20' to 19° 53’ N., not far from N&gpir, in 
Central India, a deposit of the age of Indian coal or “ bottom Ter- 
tiary ” has been discovered and named ‘“ the Talchir Boulder Forma- 
tion.” Mr. Fedden, of the Geological Survey, has described this 
deposit. He attributes it to the action of “ ground-ice” moving 
from 8.W. northwards. 
Lat. 36° 8. is the present limit of floating ice. 54° 8. and 19°N. 
make 73° from that limit to the Talchir deposit, which is a long 
way. The nearest glacier northwards, 33° N., is distant, say, 
14°. Between 36° S. and 33° N. I know of nothing else that looks 
so like glacial work on this meridian. Other beds in this series, 
provisionally dated “‘ Lower Triassic,” have all marks of deposition 
in water. Samples of scratched stonesin the Calcutta Museum, and 
the paper of Mr. Fedden, argue that ice did in fact score rocks and 
move scored stones within the tropics about the time when climate 
there was fitted for the growth of tropical coal-plants. I did not 
travel to the Talchir deposits. J had not the pleasure of meeting 
Mr. Fedden. The boulders at Calcutta were first rolled and then 
rubbed on one side only, whereas moraine stones generally are 
scratched on all sides. I have seen surfaces in the walls of mines 
produced by frequent movements in the solid crust which are very 
like glacial polishing. In India especially landslips and earthquakes 
have to be considered in accounting for polishing and scoring. Some 
geologists ascribe all polished surfaces, which glacialists attribute to 
ice, to slips. Great disturbance in all this region is proved by 
