J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 109 
chiefly trap. I was told by fellow travellers of marks of “ the ice 
period ” south of Bombay described by competent geologists ; I sup- 
pose that the Talchir boulder-formation was meant. I saw nothing 
like glacial work in this long cast eastwards to the junction of the 
Ganges and Jumna, about lat. 25° N. Ifthe ice-cap had passed that 
way, erratics of some northern kind ought to remain on the trap, 
and trap boulders ought to be found south of the trap on granite and 
gneiss. I saw none. 
26. The next cast westwards up to lat. 30° N., to Umballa, is all 
on river-deposits. I saw neither rock nor large stone. The whole 
land is sand and mud, which is moved by every shower and breeze. 
27. From Umballa I drove over the plains to Kalka at the base 
of the hills and sixty miles up hill to Simla, persuaded that I should 
find ice-marks near glaciers. The Himalayan region is a slope 
about 200 miles wide, between the upper plateau of Asia and the 
plains of India. On the scale of the Survey maps, four miles to the 
inch, the profile would be roughly expressed by a bank 13 inch high 
and 4 feet broad, sloping to nothing. Any school map shows that 
an ice-cap must have come down that slope if they both existed 
during a recent glacial period. I looked at every stone and heap 
of stones about the foot hills, expecting to find some glacial 
mark; I looked at every hill-top, expecting to find some remnant of 
a glacial record between the river-gorges. In the paper numbered (8) 
is an account of a like search made in the Caucasus in September 
1874, with like expectations and a like result, at about 10° 
further north. There a ridge of high mountains, about 800 miles 
long, crosses the track of the ice-cap east and west, and bears no re- 
cord of its passage southwards. I stayed at Simla for some time and 
found no sign of glacial action of any kind up to about 9000 feet. 
From places near Simla I saw hills within a circle of about 200 miles’ 
diameter. My plan was to carry a map and a compass to a hill-top, 
place the compass on my spot, and identify hills by their bearings 
with the aid of people who knew them. I saw great snow-slopes 
above known glaciers which lie at the sources of the Jumna and 
Ganges below higher grounds. Having learned local geography, the 
next step was to sketch the landscape and study form. I saw every- 
where on the ground traversed, and as far as I could see with a good 
elass in the clear air of these regions, the marks of great floods of 
rain which have furrowed the whole Himalayan slope. All the 
ridges which divide streams are sharp and steep, 4, as the ridge of 
a house; all the furrows are deep V-shaped, angular, steep gutters, 
like the gutter between two steep roofs, W. My landscapes were 
all angular. I could not discover one rounded hill or hollow, one 
“saddle” or “hog-back,” from Simla, or from places near it to 
which I could travel. The excellent maps of the Great Trigono- 
metrical Survey of India showed that some of the largest and deepest 
valleys in the region run eastward and westward towards opposite 
ends of the slope. I could see the border-land of Thibet and hills 
near the sources of the five chief rivers which drain these hills, the 
Brahmapootra, Indus, Sutlej, Ganges, and Jumna. The highest 
