110 J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 
ground visible is a jagged sierra of pyramidal angular points, amongst 
which are the glaciers. On the map the glaciers are like the fronds 
of a fern, and rest in furrows like snow in roofs, That view alone 
was enough to prove that the ice-cap had left no visible record of 
its passage from polar to equatorial regions on the Himalayan slope. 
But such is the hold of the term “‘ Glacial period” on general 
conversation, that I repeatedly heard of glacial marks where I found 
none when I sought them near Simla. 
28. From Simla I went back to the railroad, and eastward to 
Saharumpore, and thence over the plains and up the hills to Dehra, 
Mossurie, and Landour, to a spot which is 7511 feet above the sea, 
between the Ganges and Jumna. ‘Thence I got a second wide view, 
over the lower hills and river-basins, of snowy peaks and ridges 
which divide the Ganges and Jumna basins from the Sutlej gorge, 
which trends H.-W. Below their snow-slopes are glaciers of which I 
had photographs. The maps gave their positions and present dimen- 
sions, which are about as great as glaciers now are in the southern 
Alps. Eastward from Landour I clearly saw Nunda Devi, 27,669 feet 
high; and on a quarter of my horizon the peaks of Budrinath, 
Kidarnath, Gangutri, Jumnutri, Bunderpanch*, and others, which 
divide the Sutlej valley northwards from the Ganges and Jumna 
basins. I had seen many of these from near Simla, and I saw them 
better from Landour. The whole country visible within a circle of 
nearly 200 miles diameter is like the Simla country; it is deeply 
furrowed by rains. The highest ridges visible are sierras of extra- 
ordinary steepness and sharpness. Nunda Devi seems to be another 
H.W. ridge seen end on. It was like a steeple, or a high steep 
gable in a town with high-pitched roofs. It is a great mountain- 
range, with flat sides and clean fractures, too steep for snow to rest 
upon. The ice-cap must have passed over this H.—W. ridge, 
25,000 feet high, after crossing the Sutlej valley and another sierra 
about as high as Nunda Devi. The nearer and lower ridges are like 
it, on a smaller scale; they are scarcely wide enough on the top for 
a road, and they are furrowed on all their steep sides by ravines of 
all sizes. Furrows are furrowed till the smallest are like furrows 
in a ploughed field. The whole country visible has the same angular 
shape, and the pattern is the same whatever the size of it may be. 
A fern laid on paper may give some notion of a map of this region. 
All sections are angular. Manifestly there was no mark of an ice- 
cap in sight from Landour. 
29. The shape into which these rocks weather, as usual, seems to 
depend in some measure on their internal structure. At Simla and 
at Landour the rocks have a tendency to break in directions which 
make flat-sided pyramidal peaks and steep ridges. A glance at any 
good map shows clearly that running water has run down the slope 
as it runs down on pan-tiles, but that itis afterwards caught in long 
gutters, which run nearly parallel to the general trend of the North- 
western Himalayan range, or K.-W. ‘The same is true of the Cau- 
* Monkey’s tail. The hill is supposed to be like a monkey, a sort of repre- 
sentation of the monkey god, 
