114 J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 
whatsoever. I heard a great deal about ‘‘marks of the Glacial 
period” in the Ganges basin from travellers after I left the country. 
In the jungles and in this vast country may be many things that I 
did not find. 
31. I rode to Roorkee along the banks of the new Ganges canal. 
In digging it great masses of stuff have been raised from considerable 
depths to make a canal comparable for size to the Suez Canal, to give 
room for a stream about as great as the Thames is at Windsor. I 
found only mud, sand, pebbles, and abundance of large, smooth, egg- 
shaped, rolled stones of considerable size. I could not find one stone 
with seratches on it or with flat sides, or one angular erratic near 
the canal. I could find nothing glacial about the end of the Ganges 
basin. I could hear of nothing glacial from the surveyors with whom 
T conversed at Dehra. I had photographs of glaciers, and of glens 
near them, about the headwaters of the Ganges and Sutlej. In them 
T could see nothing to suggest the former action of large glaciers like 
those which have left their spoor in every valley in the Alps, in 
Scandinayia, in Scotland, and in Ireland. Insome few pictures only 
I could trace marks which seem to indicate a former extension of 
glaciers which exist. Captain Senior, Superintendent of Native 
Army Schools, who made the pictures, said that old glacier-marks 
which he identified on the ground extend only a few miles from the 
ice in tlus region. ‘The surveyors who mapped the ground confirmed 
what I saw and heard. The Ganges glaciers, and others in this 
region, hang about the steep broken edges of great deep basins ; and 
there is nothing to show that glaciers ever filled these basins, as 
Kuropean hollows were filled of old. 
There was no sign of an ice-cap at either of these hill-stations ; 
and opposite to the Ganges basin were no signs of that Glacial 
period to which European ice-marks are usually attributed. On my 
return to Europe I went to the Val d’ Aosta to look at old moraines. 
The result of the comparison is in Section V. 
32. My next cast was westward in the plains. I travelled by rail 
to Lahore, about lat. 32°, crossing the Jumna, the Sutlej, and the 
Bias rivers about 50 miles from the hills. I saw no glaciated stones 
in the plains or near the banks of these three great rivers. All three 
rise amongst glaciers. The Sutlej flows E.-W. from lakes close to 
the sources of the Indus and Brahmapootra in Thibet, and many of 
its branches come from glaciers which are on the outside of the 
Ganges basin. At these four points between the Ganges and the 
Ravee there is nothing at the foot of the Himalayas comparable to 
the glacial débris of Lombardy or the erratics of the American 
plains. There is nothing visible but sand and mud between Allaha- 
bad and Lahore. 
33. Kangra*.—Ahout long. 74° E. I turned back to Umritsir, and 
drove 70 miles over plains to Puttankote. That place is close to the 
tavee and to the foot hills, and within sight of the hills in Cash- 
mere.. The Ravyee rises amongst large glaciers; but there is 
* See paper mentioned, paragraph 11. 
