J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 115 
nothing like glacial work opposite to this great river-basin in the 
plains. 
34, In skirting the base of the hills to Noorpoor, I crossed 
several large streams, sought carefully, and found only rolled 
stones, 
oo. I went through the Kangra district, where I had been led to 
expect signs of glaciation at a low level. The Dhaoladhar range 
is 16,000 feet high and about 80 miles long. It is deeply furrowed. 
A geological map, given to me afterwards by Mr. Medlicott at Cal- 
cutta, shows that the tops of the sierra are granite, against which 
lean beds of schists and slates, dipping at a high angle towards the 
plains. The deepest furrows cut through the edges of these beds at 
right angles to the strike, from the granite tops to the foot of the 
range. 
The Kangra “ valley” is a broad slope undulating towards the 
plains. I had seen this range clearly from Simla, distant about 100 
miles. Those who have seen the Alps from the Rigi and Faulhorn, 
or from Turin or Novara, or any other great mountain-range from a 
distance, know that the distant view gives a better idea of the general 
shape of the mountains than nearer views. ‘The whole steep face of 
this great range was like a steep bank after heavy rain. There was 
no sign of a great glacier passing along the base of it, out of the 
Sutlej valley, from east to west. Such a glacier, if ever it existed, 
must have left a conspicuous mark. So far as I have been able to 
learn from surveyors, geologists, travellers, photographers, and pho- 
tographs, there are no marks of a big glacier in the Sutlej valley, 
so far as it has been explored; but existing glaciers are close at 
hand. ; 
When I got to the Kangra slopes, the tops were covered with 
new snow, which made every ridge and furrow conspicuous. The 
range is like ground seen from Simla and Landour. The landscape 
is a series of angular forms, like a ploughed field on a steep slope. 
Kangra is on a steep high ridge, 2449 feet above the sea, distant 
about 12 miles from the high range. The view is something like 
the view from Turin for distance and extent. When evening lights 
and shadows and sunset colours play upon the great hill-face oppo- 
site, details of form come out with extraordinary clearness, and the 
landscape is one of the most beautiful that I ever beheld. Near the 
top are three conspicuous patches of old snow, on smoothed rocks, 
which are not furrowed like the ground near them. These I suppose 
to be the old beds of small glaciers, if they are not glaciers hidden 
by snow and stones. The snow is full of large stones, clearly visible 
with a telescope. These patches come down to about 12,000 fect. 
They rest on granite, according to the map. Below these are three 
deep furrows of the usual angular V pattern, which come down to 
the Kangra slopes, and from them spread A-shaped masses, which 
look like deltas from any distance sufficient to make the course of 
the streams visible from the snows to the slopes. In travelling east- 
wards along the hill-foot, from Noorpoor to Kangra, many water- 
courses are crossed. Of these some come from the highest granite 
12 
