116 J. Fo CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 
ridge, some from lower parts of the ridge. In some of the former 
class I found long trains of unusually large stones, chiefly granite, 
washed out of deltas and left in streams. At first sight these, by 
their great size, suggested glacial action. They have been described 
as “‘erratics,” and the deposits in which they occur as ‘‘ moraines ” 
of the Glacial period. I therefore sought carefully, but I could 
find none of the known marks. The Kangra big stones are all 
smoothed, dinted, and rounded; the biggest are next to the range. 
The size decreases as the distance increases and the slope grows less. 
They are not arranged like moraines near Turin or elsewhere, but 
spread like stuff of the same kind at the foot of Pike’s Peak in Ame- 
rica, and at the end of the Dariel Pass in the Northern Caucasus 
The deltas to which these trains of big stones belong all spread like 
fans from the jaws of deep, steep ravines near high, steep hills, and 
they are all washed and rolled by floods of water. 
Dhada is a rest-house at the foot of the high range, in the very 
jaws of a deep V-ravine, which comes from the biggest old snow- 
patch that I could see on the range from Simla or from Kangra, or 
from any point that was passed in travelling away from the Dhao- 
ladhar range, or in passing along the foot of it. The stream comes 
out of a deep, steep corrie of large area. At the very apex of the 
delta a gravel-pit beside a road gaye a section of the deposit, which 
a very accomplished geologist has described as one of the Kangra 
‘‘moraines.” The solid rock under the loose stuff was newly laid 
bare. It is not glaciated. The whole of the stuff was sorted by 
running water, and the big stones strewed on the top evidently are 
the largest and heaviest in an old-river deposit laid bare by late rains, _ 
which have washed away smaller stuff. There was no moraine- 
stuff in the section—no clay and no scratched stones anywhere*. 
The unusual size of these big stones has to be accounted for. 
Eyery lake and every snow-patch isacondenser. A lake is in Cash- 
mere which was a great deal bigger, as shown by old margins. 
When it was bigger there probably was more rain in the whole re- 
gion and more snow. In the lake-regions of Italy rainfall and 
climates vary notably within short distances. I found itso in April 
1877. 
The local rainfall about Kangra is now about 102 inches, and the 
slope is about 12,000 feet in four horizontal miles. The rain falls 
in about six months. Local rainfall varies greatly now in India. 
In Thibet, behind Himalayan slopes, it is said that no rain falls. 
In Scinde a few inches fall ina year. 62 inches is the average of 
places in the hills within sight of Kangra. 102, 125, 200, and from 
500 to 800 inches have been recorded in different hill-regions in 
India. The rainfall of a given spot there seems to depend upon its 
position with reference to the wind, which comes from the Southern 
Ocean, and is called the monsoon, and with reference to ground over 
which that damp air passes before it reaches the place. The Kangra 
rainfall may have been stored up. In very steep, deeply-furrowed 
* See Section V. for a real moraine at Ivrea. 
