J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 117 
ground snow-slides must frequently occur, and form “bunds” in 
narrow ravines, so as to gather a head of water. lLandslips occur 
frequently ; and they do, in fact, dam up watercourses, and form 
lakes, and accumulate water-power till they are burst by it. Earth- 
quakes frequently occur in the Himalayas; one occurred at Darjeel- 
ing in February 1877. Numerous couloirs of old snow, formed in 
ravines, reach far down the hill-faces above the Kangra slopes, and 
are planes inclined at a very steep slope on which big stones might 
roll. Plenty of probable and of existing causes suffice for the transfer 
of big stones from the parent granite on the ridge down to their 
present sites on the Kangra slopes, a few miles from the hills. It 
took 37 steps to pace round one of the larger sort near the hills. 
Some are worshipped; and it is easy to see how a glacialist might 
attribute their transport to ice, while the people ascribe it to their 
divinities. I found small blocks of the same granite nearly 30 miles 
away, in the high gravels of a river which rises above Dhada in a 
snow-patch visible from Kangra and Simla. I believe that water 
moved the whole stream of rolled stones, great and small. 
Between Dhada and Bhagsu, in crossing many streams which 
come from the lower high slaty ranges which rest against the 
granite, I could find no specimen of granite in a walk of 11 miles at 
the foot of the range. But further west a larger river comes from 
another snow-patch on the granite, and it flows amongst a great pro- 
fusion of very large granite stones, washed clear of smaller stuff. 
These facts seem conclusive. Great water-power is sufficient to ac- 
count for the big stones. In 1876 a very large stone was moved 
about a hundred yards by a sudden flood at Kalka, near Simla. Two 
washermen were washed from the stone and drowned. ‘The cause 
of the flood was simply a heavy shower which poured into a steep 
angular river-basin of small area, and suddenly gushed out like water 
from a spout upon the apex of a delta which spreads on the plains 
over a distance of ten miles down to the Gugger river. The largest 
stones in that delta are next to the steep hills, and look like glacial 
work at first sight; they are comparable to the smaller sizes of big 
stones at Kangra. ‘The rest of the Kalka delta is a river-deposit of 
rolled stones, gradually decreasing in size till the plain is reached. 
Thence the whole land is fine sand and mud down to Caleutta. There 
is nothing there like the amphitheatre of moraines at Ivrea. Similar 
deltas spread opposite to every river which I saw near the lower 
ranges of the Himalayas. They are conspicuous, even on maps 
on a scale of eight miles to one inch, between the Ganges and the 
Ravee. 
36, Summary.—By visiting three hill-stations in the north-west, 
I saw points distant from each other about 400 miles. Having 
formed an idea of distant spots visible from Simla, I went to two of 
them, and verified my conclusions on the ground, at Landour and at 
Kangra, which are about 200 miles apart. I saw the shape of the 
Himalayan slope, and was convinced that no trace of the “ ice-cap ” 
remains between Thibet and the plains in the region seen. The ice- 
cap, in moying southwards, must have crossed the Dhaoladhar range, 
