118 J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 
which is as steep as the Caucasus and about as high. It must have 
erossed the deep Sutlej valley and the sierras which divide it from 
the Ganges basin. 
Secondly. I went to the Ganges basin, and saw enough to be sure 
that it has not been filled with ice like Alpine valleys and Scandina-~ 
vian dales, which were filled, and that recently. 
Thirdly. . skirted the base of the hills in the plains, from the 
Ganges to the Ravee, and saw nothing comparable to the glacia]- 
plain deposits of North America, or those of Europe, although “ the 
snows” are visible from the plains. 
Fourthly. I went to a range 16,000 feet high and 80 miles long. 
At 100, 70, 40, and 12 miles distance, and at the foot of the steep 
ridge, I found no trace of glacial action. J found none between the 
plains which end at about 1000 feet above the sea and spots which 
are from 7000 to 10,000 feet above the sea, and on the road to the 
borders of Thibet. Within sight of Indian glaciers I saw no sign of 
glaciation. 
Fifthly. 1 found on the map that glaciers abound about a degree 
north of Kangra, near lat. 33° N., at about 12,000 feet above the 
sea. These are marked as 10 to 15 miles long now. In that region 
are lakes and flats called “maidans.” Further north, about latitude 
36°-37°, glaciers are still larger. They may all have been larger 
than they are; but they have left no record on the lower bills to prove 
that their size was greater in proportion tc the size of glaciers attri- 
buted to the Glacial period. Scandinavian and Alpine ice has 
shrunk by many meridian degrees. Old Himalayan glaciers have 
left no mark within a few miles. Itseemed as reasonable to account 
for the length of an icicle by a Glacial period as to summon that 
cause to account for any extension of Indian ice of which I was able 
to obtain proofs, from maps and surveyors, geologists and papers, 
photography and photographers, and travellers. I could hear of 
nothing to alter an opinion based on this personal inspection of the 
ground between Point de Galle, in Ceylon, and the Dhaoladhar 
ranges above the Kangra slopes. ; 
37. I had no time to go on to Cashmere, unless I gave up Delhi 
and Darjeeling. JI did not travel to glaciers: one such expedition 
is work for a month, and needs much preparation. 
The Viceroy had from 1100 to 1700 coolies, and took more than 
a month to travel from Simla to the Ravee along the lower ranges 
of the Himalayas with his camp. I saw the point reached from the 
starting-point distant about 100 miles. I did not aim at discovering 
how much further any particular Indian glacier may have flowed. 
That geological work is in able hands. I did not wish to test the 
conclusions of other observers, to contradict or to confirm their 
observations. I wanted to look myself at a great deal of ground in 
a short time, so as to know the general shape of it, and to examine 
carefully a few spots selected as the best for my purpose. Having 
seen Hirdwar at the end of the Ganges basin and Dhada at the 
mouth of the Kangra gorge, I went to no more spots of the 
kind. 
