J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 119 
Between lat. 5° and 32° I found nothing in India to prove any 
great change in the existing climate of the world *. 
38. After this cast in the hills I took several casts in the plains, 
working eastwards towards the most southern glaciers in the nor- 
thern half of the world. I travelled to Saharumpore, and thence to 
Agra. There is no sign of glacial action about the banks of the 
Jumna, or in the plains seen on that journey. I could not see a big 
stone, I could hardly find a pebble as big as a nut in the river-beds. 
I travelled to Cawnpore on the Ganges, and to Lucknow on the 
Gumti, and westwards on the Oude and Rohilcund line by Bareilly 
to Alleyghur and to Delhi. I chose that route because it skirts the 
base of the Himalayas, crossing numerous streams which flow from 
Nepal and are said to rise in glaciers. Gradients marked along the 
line are from 1 in 500 to 1 in 3333. The country, though undu- 
lating, seems to be a vast plain of sand and mud, spread by the 
streams and levelled by local rains. Water is reached at small 
depths and is raised from wells for irrigation. The only hard stuff 
found in this plain region is “ kunka,” which seems to be a lime- 
stone-pan growing from aqueous solution by erystallization. The 
‘“‘Jaterite ” of Southern India is something of the same kind. At 
Delhi, as in the Deccan and in Southern India and in Ceylon, I 
found something to account for the “ moraines” of Central India, of 
which I heard much and saw nothing. ‘The ridge,’ famous in the 
siege of Delhi, is broken sandstone arched lke broken ice on a 
rolling wave. If this be the work of an earthquake-wave, the 
movement was from §.E. or N.W., as it was in the other places 
where recent earthquake-waves have recorded their passage along 
the base of the hills in broken buildings and in broken hills... In 
Lyell’s ‘ Principles of Geology, under the head “ Cutch,” the rise of 
such a ridge is described. The ridge runs from N.E. to 8.W., and 
is about 100 feet higher than the plains. The bed of the Jumna is 
sand and mud, and the old sandstone is the same. ‘The arched beds 
are jointed, and the angles are weathered. A little more weathering 
in situ will make a ridge of stones and something like the shape of 
* I was told by Major Godwin-Austen at Calcutta that the valley of Cashmere 
was a great lake, as proved by freshwater shells and terraced water-margins. 
From information given by many other observers I had been led to suspect that; 
the river Jeelum had cut a drain, and partially dried a lake, whose old terraced 
margins are conspicuousin Cashmere. Shells found by an expert are conclusive, 
and confirm local tradition. 
“On the Lacustrine or Karéwah Deposits of Kashmere.” By H. Haversham 
Godwin-Austen, Capt. H.M. 24th Reg., Kashmere Survey. Read June 23, 1858. 
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. p. 221. 
By the same author. ‘‘Gcological Notes on Part of the North-western 
Hiinalayas.” Op. cit. vol. xx. p. 383. 
These two papers describe deposits which seem to resemble the Kangra 
deposits, and prove by fossils that some of the rocks of the higher ranges of the 
north-western Himalayas were formed in an ancient sea. 
In mountains north of Cashmere glaciers still are of vast size about lat. 37°. 
The same able observer who found the shells and saw these glaciers, also found 
marks of ice-action near the valley of Cashmere as low down as 5000 feet above 
the sea (Journal of the Geological Society for 1864). 
