120 J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 
a moraine. The rocks by their composition indicate the action of 
water on fine sand, like the action of the Jumna on its bed. From 
Delhi I went eastwards by the Oude and Rohilcund line to Fyzabad 
Ajudia and Benares, finding everywhere the same geological engine 
at work—rain—in rivers and under ground. I went by the loop 
line to Sahibgunge, on the Ganges, and thirty-five miles up stream 
in a steamer. The sections made by a river which here is six miles 
wide in the rains, in islands which it is building and destroying and 
moving seawards, show false bedding and all those marks of water 
work which I saw in the soft beds of the “‘ Shivaliks ” and the Delhi 
brown sandstones. I saw no pebbles in these Ganges sections or in 
the dry bed of the river. I suppose, therefore, that pebble-beds 
were formed near high ground where running water has more power, 
The highest mountains in the world were seen from Sahibgunge on 
the 10th of February, distant about 200 miles northwards. At 
Sahibgunge is a low range of whinstone hills much furrowed by 
rains ; rolled stones are gathered for ballast and for other uses. All 
that I saw were waterworn. I could see nothing like a terraced 
sea-margin there or on the foot hills of the Himalayas opposite or 
anywhere in India. The terraces of Cashmere are therefore marks 
made by the lake, not marks of the sea. I have heard them quoted 
as marks of “the Deluge.” From the Ganges to the foot hills for 
140 miles the land is alluvial, with scarce a pebble in the river-beds. 
The Terai at the hill-foot is a belt of jungle like the country near 
Dehra. As at three other hill-stations the Himalayas rise steeply 
from the Terai, and they are equally furrowed. High up in these 
furrows rest stones as big as the biggest at Kangra. They are 
remnants of landslips left by rains which washed down finer stuff 
into the Terai. The rocks are chiefly gneiss, which weathers to a 
brown mud, with mica in it and quartz grains. I recognized these 
decomposed materials on my return, blowing in clouds before a 
strong breeze, about the banks of the Ganges. The wind rippled the 
sand and packed mica in the troughs of miniature waves. In many 
other parts of India sand-drifts are on a large scale. In accounting 
for the plains the action of the wind must be considered. At twenty 
miles from the hills, within sight of the snows, river-grayels are 
small pebbles of gneiss. From Hooker’s Journals and the accounts 
of residents and travellers I learned that the largest river-beds in 
this part of India are of the same character. There are no large 
stones, no deposits of glacial boulders, even about the exit of the 
Brahmapootra, which rises close to the sources of the Indus and 
Sutlej and flows eastward through Thibet till it finds a passage into 
the Indian plains. So far as I can read the record on the plains 
between Ravee and the Brahmapootra, there never has been a large 
Thibetan glacier behind the Himalayas. There is nothing about 
the Punjab, as in Assam, and there is nothing about the mouth of 
the Yangtsekiang in China or the Pearl River in Canton to show 
that Central Asia was under a ‘‘ continental ice-sheet.” It is often 
mentioned in books. ‘The mouths of all the great Asian rivers that 
flow eastward and westward and southward are like the Ganges 
