124 J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 
the same, so far as men know. These changes, great and small, 
recent and remote, are all local, and, so far as I know, they are atmo- 
spheric. When at Simla in October 1876, “ the end of the 8. W. 
monsoon came after date.” I saw it come. On the 9th a lot of 
small clouds floating above the hills at about 25,000 feet came from 
Thibet; the N.K. wind had begun. The sky was clear above in the 
N.E. wind above 7000 feet. Below Simla on the plains the air was 
damp, thick, hot, and stagnant. Thunder-storms flashed at night. 
The 10th and the 11th were alike. The N.E. dry wind poured 
slowly down the Himalayan slopes. On the 12th it rained and 
thundered at Simla. On the 13th and 14th it poured. The 15th 
and 16th were fine days. On the 17th it rained. On the 18th, 
19th, and 20th it was clear about Simla. After that the air was 
clear and dry for many months about the hills. On the 8th a heavy 
fall ef rain began at Allahabad ; eight inches fell in 24 hours. On 
the 12th there was bad weather further south; along the coast 
Vizapatam was inundated, sepoy lines were destroyed, and many 
lives were lost. On the 21st a great circular storm took an abnormal 
course in the Bay of Bengal, and the wave which it dragged along 
swamped the coast of the Ganges delta. About 300,000 persons 
perished. But all this was the result of a slight variation in the 
world’s “‘ weather,” a cold “down rush” of air stirred up still air 
and precipitated moisture. An equal quantity of snow would have 
made a glacier grow abnormally, as I suppose, because of the 
weather. At page 248, vol. i. of Hooker’s Journals, from 8000 to 
10000 feet is said to be the limit of ancient glacial marks observed 
in Siccim and Nepal. The largest and lowest moraines were on 
very steep ground on the northern shaded side of the Kanchinjunga 
range behind Jumnoo. A small glacier is on the southern sunny 
slope of that peak, which is 25,804 feet high, and larger glaciers are 
on the north side. From 13,000 to 14,000 feet is about the limit 
of existing glaciers in these regions, aceording to the distinguished 
author who discovered and described them. That gives a marginal 
difference of 6000 feet at most. According to Hooker, glaciers in 
the N.W. Himalayas reach from 8000 to 7000 feet. According to 
Major Godwin-Austen marks are found at 5000 feet above the sea. 
That gives a difference of 3000 feet at most. But cliffs on Kanchin- 
junga which are so steep that snow cannot rest on them, are nearly 
as high as this margin of from 6000 to 3000 feet of vertical shrinking, 
But 14,000 feet of height may mean two and three quarters or four 
miles on a map, in the highest Himalayan regions where glaciers 
exist and where old marks are found. A sudden débicle would send 
down a moraine that far; a glacier might slip as much. Photo- 
graphs of Indian ice show the same character which is seen from 
Darjeeling. The glaciers end in narrow Y gorges, and then turn 
into streams which flow on very steep slopes. In Scandinavia 
glaciers commonly end in wide flat dales ~, in which their streams 
haye cut small shallow water-furrows. Old marks of Scandinavian 
glaciers extend from the ice to the sea, along flat dales into fjords, 
and out of them up over islands as far as islands rise above the sea, 
