J. F, CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS, 125 
for some hundred of miles. There is one continuous record of ice- 
action engraved upon solid rocks from the Dovrefjeld to the mouth 
of the Christiania fjord. The whole of Finland is glaciated, and 
Finnish erratics are far down in Northern Germany. If this and 
Alpine ice-work on a large scale be due to a “ Glacial period,” similar 
work ought to be found near the Kanchinjunga glaciers; but there 
is nothing of the kind there or in India anywhere south of lat. 
32° 30°. In the paper numbered 8, in mention of a débacle caused 
by an earthquake at Ararat, a flood of snow ice, water, mud, and 
great stones flowed twelve miles along a flat valley in a few hours, 
and there left a record which can hardly be distinguished from 
normal glacier work. Such a débacle might go down 12,000 feet in 
India. Earthquakes frequently oceur in the Himalayas and near 
them. One happened in February 1877 beside Kanchinjunga, where 
glaciers hang at an edge. This cause and consequent abnormal dé- 
bacles must be considered in accounting for masses of rubbish which 
look like moraines in improbable places. Major Godwin-Austen found 
marks amongst lower hills near the head of the Bay of Bengal, which 
he then supposed to be ‘‘ moraines.” He found no scratched stones 
in them. Hooker found no glacial marks at the foot of higher hills 
further north in the same line; I found none up to lat. 32°. I think 
it possible that even Major Godwin-Austen, a skilled observer, may 
have been influenced by the prevailing belief in the “ Glacial period,” 
which has so often influenced me. 
Since the glacial theory took hold, the first impulse commonly is 
to account for any abnormal deposit of large stones and débris by 
glacial action; but when the work of floods has been seen, that 
impulse is checked. I have learned that by many mistakes of my 
own. Weather has changed the position of ice in the Alps, in the 
Caucasus, and in the sea within living memory and historic times ; 
put the world’s climate remains the same nevertheless, so far as 
meteorologists inform us. 
LV. India. —Pluvial Erosion. 
43. So far I have been obliged to follow the example of old 
Nicholas Horrebow in his chapter on Snakes :—‘‘ There are no snakes 
in Iceland;” and I saw no records of a glacial period in India. That 
which I did see and héar of is vast pluvial erosion proportioned to 
vast yearly floods. The side of one gorge measured by a surveyor 
rises 14,000 feet in a mile and three quarters on the map. I saw 
Nunda Devi, Jumnutri, Gungutri, Kanchinjunga, the Dhaoladhar 
slopes, and others which are on this sort of scale. About 14,000 
feet in four horizontal miles is the slope at Kangra. 
All the hill-country that I looked over is furrowed like a ploughed 
field ; and where I was able to trace the structure of the rock, every 
furrow was carved out of the solid. Every furrow that reaches toa 
plain ends at the apex of a large growing delta(A). Given years 
enough, and the largest of these Himalayan furrows would result 
from the cause which cuts the smallest during showers. In North 
America the Grand Cafon of the Colorado is all water-work, 
