126 J. F, CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS, 
according to experts. In Asia the Sutlej valley and others are on a 
greater scale of length and depth. But such carving implies chips 
in proportion and long time for slow work. 
The foot hills of the Himalayas are “Tertiary rocks,” generally 
known as Shivaliks. They belong to periods of large animals. In 
Kurope such animals belong to the period dated Pliocene ; Shivalik 
fossils are dated Miocene at the British Museum; Mr. Medlicott’s 
map gives subdivisions. Taken together they are of great thickness ; 
Mr. Theobald estimates them at ten thousand feet. They have been 
crumpled up against older beds in the higher ranges and faulted 
parallel to the folds according to the map. Sections are exposed 
in river-courses and along roads; they consist of brown and grey 
soft sandstones and mudstones, with beds of hard rolled pebbles in- 
terstratified and associated with the soft sandstones. In travelling 
up and down hill at four hill-stations, I crossed these Shivaliks eight 
times, where fresh sections were exposed. In these beds I saw all 
known marks of the action of water flowing from the hills towards 
the plains. I saw false-bedding as conspicuous as it is in the banks 
of the Ganges, in sandstones and mudstones like Ganges sand and 
mud. I saw pebbles sized and packed like eggs in a basket, with 
the long axis pointing towards the plains, and decreasing in size as 
the distance from the hills increased on a journey of 70 miles from 
Kangra to Hosiarpur. When first I saw these pebble-beds near Dehra, 
having no knowledge of them at all, I took them for high river- 
gravels. When first I saw the beds near Kangra in the dusk I 
thought I had found boulder-clay and a moraine. 
In the bent faulted folds of this series of rocks is a clear record of 
action like that of rivers which now flow through the Shivalik hills 
to the plains. Taken together, all existing Himalayan rivers are 
building a compound delta which is as wide as the length of the 
range, long. 72°-100° E. ‘The Terai is a region of wet ground 
twenty or thirty miles wide at some places, where water is close 
under the surface, where grasses grow thickly to a height of twenty 
feet in a tangled rank forest bound with creepers. In that un- 
healthy region great wild beasts abound—elephants, rhinoceroses, 
tigers and the prey of tigers, wild cattle of great size, deer, and so 
on. This belt of wild country or “Jungal” coincides with the 
growing and mingling deltas which the rains are incessantly washing 
out of furrows, which rivers deepen and scour incessantly or 
periodically, according to their length and size. The Tertiary rocks, 
when I got to know them better, seemed to be a portion of an old 
plain terai of deltas crumpled up and broken. The “Collino” of 
Turin and hills south of the Caucasus are something of the same 
kind, and the formation extends far south in Italy. But if this be 
so, then all this mass of rolled stuff, mud, sand, gravel, pebbles, 
shingle, and large rolled stones, Tertiary and Recent stuff of the 
same kind, the Kangra big stones, the Kalka stone of 1876, the 
lowest bed in the Shivalik series, and the last grain of mud in the 
Bay of Bengal are chips recording chiefly Himalayan erosion. The 
stuff was carved out of the valleys, and chiefly by rains. I have been 
