J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 127 
told on the ground that the Shivaliks are ‘“ Moraines of the Glacial 
period,” and that the Turin Miocene marine deposit records the ac- 
tion of ice. I could find no trace of glacial action in these Tertiary 
rocks of India. 
The fossils of the series have been described. Lists comprise 
elephants of many kinds, rhinoceros, camels, alligators, gigantic 
tortoises, carnivora and their prey, extinct creatures closely allied to 
those which haunt the hot delta region of the Terai, below the foot 
hills in the plains. I saw a camel expiring on the shingle of a 
river-bed near Noorpoor, to show how the bones of his ancestors got 
buried by floods of old. So far as I can learn, no marine remains 
have been found amongst these Tertiary rocks, and no scratched stones. 
I watched for old sea-margins everywhere, and saw nothing like the 
terraced forms which are so conspicuous 1n other parts of the world, 
where sea-shells prove raised sea-margins, and show that the level of 
the sea and land has recently changed. Ceylon has risen, the Runn 
of Cutch has certainly gone down in late times. So far as I can 
judge from my own inspection of these Shivaliks, and from reading 
and conversation with experts, there is nothing in this Tertiary 
eeological record to show that any great change of climate or level 
has occurred in the region next below the Himalayas since the 
Shivaliks began to be deposited there by rivers. All signs of a long- 
continued aqueous erosion in a hot climate abound in the record. 
The chips are proportioned to the carving which I saw, and which 
I believed to be the work of rain when I left the hills. There 
is no sign of a glacial period in the Tertiary rocks or in the 
superficial geology of India, so far as I have been able to learn. 
The “ Talchir boulders ” (21) associated with Indian coal in lower 
Tertiary rocks within the tropics remain to be explained. I strongly 
suspect that striation will turn out to be caused by something non- 
glacial, and that the term “Glacial period” has biassed opinion 
in this case. 
VY. Hurope.—Comparison. 
44, On the way from London to India, vid Brindisi, a great deal 
of the world’s surface is rapidly seen between lat. 50° and 40° N, 
Any wide surface which nearly coincides with the curve of the sea 
suggests the sea. The plains of France~have been little eroded by 
rivers ; they end at the semblance of an old coast-line at the station 
next to the Alps; thence the hills have the shape of glaciation. 
They are caryed out of crumpled folds in beds of rock, most of which 
were deposited at the bottom of the sea. In similar latitudes on 
the opposite coasts of Newfoundland marine ice in all conditions is 
at work on a large scale. If the land were as high as the Alps, 
glaciers would probably reach the sea. J, Milne, Esq., F.G.S., now 
Professor of Geology in Japan, describeg what he noticed in New- 
foundland*. “What I noticed there is described in ‘ Frost and 
Fire,’ 1862. 
* ‘Geological Magazine,’ July, August, and September, 1876. 
