J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 129 
between 27° and 32° N., with the Rocky Mountains about 36° N., 
and with the base of the Caucasus about 40° N. From Genoa the 
railway goes from the sea-level up a watercourse to a watershed and 
down another river-course to the plains. These main streams flow 
in channels with steep rocky sides, cut through bedded rocks at the 
bottom of curved hollows Y, which have also been scooped out of 
the solid. The sides of these curved hollows are furrowed by branch 
ravines Y of angular section cut by smaller streams. Near Cannes 
are glacial marks. Near Genoa are remnants of thick deposits of 
large stones supposed to be glacial work. I suppose that the general 
shape of these wide valleys of curved section is due to old glacial 
erosion, and the smaller angular furrows to more recent rains. I 
saw no valley of like section in the Caucasus or in any part of India. 
I noticed nothing else from the train between Genoa and Alexandria. 
Thence the line runs westward to Turin, and thence I went east- 
ward as far as Arona. The plain country is as flat as India; but 
pebbles abound in Lombardy, whereas there are none in the Indian 
plains. Stones used for road-making about Turin differ in shape 
from Shivalik pebbles used for the same purpose, in that most of 
them have flat sides and some are scratched. 
I took the liberty of waiting on Signor Gastaldi, who was kind 
enough to show me maps of the country north of Turin and to 
explain them, and to give me some recent publications on glacial 
subjects. Moraines near Rivoli were conspicuous objects from the 
train which carried me down from Mount Cenis to Turin, on my way 
to India in September 1876. About Ivrea the glacial stuff mapped 
by Signor Gastaldi extends far into the plains. It also approaches 
Turin from the north and east. It seems as if an estuary of large 
glaciers had converged along the headwaters of the River Po on 
Lombardy. Moraines rest upon clay which contains marine shells, 
of which many kinds still live in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. 
Similar marine deposits underlie similar glacial stuff at Como and else- 
where. These marine beds are dated ‘‘ Pliocene.” No such beds had 
been found along the base of the Himalayas when I was at Calcutta. 
I heard of no such beds when I was at Tiflis. Hills on the right bank 
of the river at Turin are dated “ Miocene.” They are made up of 
beds of clay, sand, rolled shingle, scratched stones, and larger, sub- 
angular, smooth blocks, to some of which sea-shells adhere. It is a 
marine formation with glaciated stones init. The roads are mended 
and buildings are made with stones taken from the beds. For height, 
position, shape, and structure the Turin “ Collino” is comparable to 
lower ranges in the Caucasus near Tiflis and to the Shivaliks between 
Dehra and Roorkee, between Kangra and Hosiarpur (see 27, 32, 39). 
These Italian outliers differ from the others in the shape and size of 
the stones and in the marine fossils. The formation is said to extend 
to Calabria, near to the latitude of Simla. From these ‘ Miocene” 
beds to the moraines of existing glaciers these Italian deposits record 
the action of ice, according to Italian experts. I could find nothing 
glacial in similar beds south of the Caucasus or south of the Hima- 
layas. Itis enough for me to know, from the writings of accomplished 
Q.J.G.8. No. 187. K 
