130 J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 
geologists, that the plains of Italy were under the sea while glaciers 
existed on the Alps, at least onee before large recent glaciers de- 
posited moraines upon beds of sea-shells north of Turin and Milan, 
about latitude 45°-46° N. My theory is that a large local submergence 
of Europe let in the cold Arctic stream, and so produced a local Euro- 
pean cold climate for a time, during which “ local Huropean glacial 
periods” Alpine and other European glaciers grew large and flowed 
jar, and reached the sea-level or near it about lat. 45°-46° N. It is 
certain that parts of Italy, Norway, and Scotland have risen within 
the period of history. Land may have sunk and risen many times 
while beds of many geological dates were formed, and some were 
folded and crumpled in Italy, in the Caucasus, and in India. I 
suppose that the last general rise in the European area, which is 
proved by recent and Pliocene shells, shunted the cold stream and its 
climate westwards to the American side of the Atlantic, and by so 
doing restored the old temperate climate to Europe, and made the 
Alpine glaciers shrink to Mont Blanc, Monte Rosa, and other high 
grounds, where they remain. The Italian record supports this 
theory. 
On the 9th and 10th of April it rained heavily and snowed on 
the hills. On the 11th I went up a thousand feet to an old telegraph- 
tower at Alpina. On three hundred degrees of my horizon I saw 
snowy mountains. A slight change of climate would bring back 
glacial conditions. The shape of the Alps is conspicuously different 
from the shape of the Himalayas. The slopes are not nearly so 
steep, the ravines are not so steep, so numerous, or so regular, the 
larger hollows are much wider, the tops are rounder and broader. 
The landscape generally has fewer angles and straight lines in it and 
more curves. At afew spots only I could see ridges and furrows 
of the normal Himalayan pattern, the work of recent rains. The 
12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th of April were clear, and the new snow 
made every detail of form conspicuous. From Turin, from the 
train, from hills near Ivrea, and from Novara I saw the Alpine 
range as I saw the Himalayan ranges only two months before. 
The sharpest points in the Alps are rather conical than pyra- 
midal. ‘The sky-line is less deeply notched. ‘The sierra is more 
like a worn blunt cross-cut saw with short teeth than a run-saw 
with long regular teeth. The lower slopes seen sideways fade away 
to the plains instead of plunging down steeply. Seen from Novara 
westward, the range of Monte Rosa is more like the Himalayan tops. 
The strata are seen dipping southwards, and their flat slabs have 
weathered into pyramidal tops. But even these slopes are not nearly 
so steep as the sides of Nunda Devi and Kanchinjunga. If theisland 
of Candia were in the plains of Lombardy, and Novara on the top of 
Ida, 7624 feet above the sea, and if Monte Rosa were 12,944 feet 
higher than it is, then the famous Italian view of the Alps might be 
compared to the view from Darjeeling. Here and there ridges and 
furrows and peaks of the Indian pattern are visible; but they are 
exceptional shapes in the Alps, not a rule almost without exception, 
as they are in India. Once for all, the general shape of the Alps, 
