J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 13 
which are glaciated, differs conspicuously from the shape of the Hima- 
layas and the Caucasus. I found a scratched pebble on the Turin 
Collino. The shape of the larger stones, which are dug out of the 
hill in large numbers for sale, issubangular. This upheaved marine 
formation dated “‘ Miocene ” suggests the action of rivers and the sca 
on glaciated stones. The stones of the Shivaliks suggest the action 
of running water only. Experts identify the Miocene Turin stones 
with parent rocks in the Alus. So the Alps existed and glaciers 
were on them in Miocene times. The Himalayas also existed before 
the Shivalik beds were formed; but these beds bear no record of 
any great change in the Indian climate or of large glaciers. Aé 
sight the Alps are glaciated, and the lower Himalayas are not. 
On the 12th of April I went to Ivrea. The place is situated, like 
Hirdwar and Dhada (27, 30), on the banks of a considerable stream 
which rises amongst glaciers, and, at the place where water gathered 
in a considerable basin, pours on the plain. From Hirdwar to the 
Ganges glacier is about a hundred miles. From Dhada to old snow 
is about four miles. From Caluso to the Col du Géant is, roughly, 
about a hundred kilometres, say sixty miles. To the north of the 
Ganges basin is the Buspa valley with glaciers in it flowing north- 
wards towards the Sutlej. To the north of the Col du Géant is 
the Mer de Glace flowing northwards towards the Rhone. To the 
north of Dhada on the next slope beyond the Dhaoladhar range 
are many large glaciers which flow towards the Ravee. In 1841 I 
walked over the Mer de Glace and the Col du Géant and saw 
small glaciers above Aosta shedding their moraines southwards. 
Thence down to Ivrea glacier-marks are conspicuous all the way. 
That I learned in 1841. Given a Glacial period, then the Ganges 
valley ought to be like the Val d’Aosta, and Hirdwar like Ivrea, the 
Sutlej valley like the Rhone, and the Lake of Geneva like the country 
near Puttankote on the Ravee, because of existing glaciers at these 
places. About Tiflis there ought to be similar records of a Glacial 
period, because glaciers are on the northern slope of the Caucasus 
now ; but the facts contradict theory. The glacial record is not 
general. , 
At Caluso a tunnel cut through a considerable hill of rolled stones 
is the entrance to a horseshoe-amphitheatre. A blue moraine-lake, 
Candia, one of four lakes of the same kind, is within, and a beautiful 
rich warm country of orchards in flower, green cornfields, and trel- 
lised vines, where nightingales were singing. I found cacti, birches, 
heather, and mountain pinks growing together, and the sun was 
powerful, though snow lay thickly about 2000 feet higher. In India 
this would be a Terai and a jungle haunted by elephants. This 
Italian plain country was haunted by elephants, for their bones are 
buried in recent soils. Indian elephants might live there now; for 
they flourish in a like climate in Cashmere. Last and west of the 
river Dora are the lateral moraines of the Val d’Aosta abutting 
against the open jaws of the gorge. All the rains that have fallen 
since they were shot out sideways from the delta of ice have scarcely 
furrowed these wonderful ridges. The left or east moraine is on the 
KZ 
