132 J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS, 
outer side of a curve and is the longest. It is from 1500 to 2000 
feet high where it rests against the mountain near Andrate. It is 
1080 feet high where the Biela or Mongrando road crosses. It slopes 
from Andrate down to the plains regularly for 25 kilometres. It 
joins a curved rampart which sweeps round to Caluso for about 25 
kilometres and there joins the west lateral moraine which rises to 
the opposite mountain, and so walls in a small glaciated low country 
with three sides equal to 25 kilometres each. From Caluso to Ivrea 
is 20 kilometres, thence to Aosta by road 67, and thence it is a long 
walk to the Col du Géant and the ice. About Ivrea a band of bare 
rocks crosses from mountain to mountain and nearly from moraine to 
moraine. Through it the river has cuta channel. This region is ice- 
ground, grooved, and polished in the direction of the Val d’Aosta, 
with erratics perched here and there on the tops, and it is hollowed 
out into rock-basins which hold at least four small lakes. There are 
eight lakes within the moraine ramparts ; there are none outside. I 
went to Chiaverano and saw two in rock-basins and the usual grooves 
made by glaciers. Immediately above these glaciated rocks is the 
left lateral moraine, and near the top of it is a stone, if it be a loose 
stone, far bigger than any of the Kangra big stones. It is bigger 
than neighbouring farm-houses and it has a name. Near it is a 
water-furrow in which the structure of this mountain-moraine is 
clearly seen. The Biela road is only six years old. The sides of it 
give fresh sections of the hill-side for a height of 1080 feet and a 
distance of several miles. From top to bottom the materials are 
alike. I found scratched stones at the base near Bolengo, halfway 
up, and on the top of the ridge. I found samples apparently of all 
the rocks between Ivrea and the Col du Géant, of all ages, shapes, 
and sizes, granite, crystalline and soft, large angular blocks, and 
subangular, smooth, rough, scratched, and polished ; great and small, 
rolled, water-worn pebbles; sands and soils promiscuously heaped 
together, piled in the shape which is taken by rubbish now being 
heaved out by coolies at Madras to make a breakwater. ‘This is “a 
moraine.” It1is something very different from the Kangra “ deltas.” 
I saw no shells, but I take them on trust. Isaw stratified stuff low 
down. ‘There can be no question about the translation of my part of 
this record. A glacier flowed from the Col du Géant to the lakes of 
Viverone and Candia. It was 100 kilometres long (say sixty miles) 
and was about 2000 feet deep, and five kilometres wide at the top, 
when it passed over the bare rocks on which Ivreastands. As soon 
as it escaped from the gorge it spread out like a fan 25 kilometres 
wide upon the plain now walled in by the moraines. I suppose 
that the rampart of rocks at Ivrea protected certain soft marine beds 
of <‘‘ Pliocene” age lower down, on which this particular glacier 
flattened out, sunk down, spread, and melted. I know a Norwegian 
glacier, ‘‘ Supedle dals iis brae,” in Sogne, which is spreading upon 
the soil of a dale and pressing on it and melting without advancing 
or ploughing or digging, because the power isexpended. This Aosta 
glacier certainly ground the rocks in the Val d’Aosta, and it went up 
hill and down, and in and out of hollows. It scooped out four small 
