134 J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 
scale. The flat point below Locarno, which is creeping out into the 
lake, manifestly is a compound delta of pebbles washed into the chief 
rock-groove, which is full of water and was full of ice up to the far 
higher level of the moraine stuff. The cloud roof of the 18th and 19th 
of April marked out the shape of the ice. The cloud roof in Siccim 
marked out a different shape, like that of the artificial lake at 
Ootacomund, a sharp angular zigzag line of coast like that of the 
Black Sea below the Caucasus, instead of a curved coast like that of 
the Italian lake. or of a Scotch firth, or a Norwegian or American 
fjord. In Greenland under ice there can be no furrowing by side 
streams. In Scandinavia the side furrows in dales are shallow and 
far apart; they are deeper and nearer together in Scotland. In 
Italy they seem to be deeper, and each has a delta proportional to 
its size. Many of the little towns are built on these deltas, with a 
bridge at the apex in the jaws of the gorge. In the Caucasus, about 
the same latitude, these water-furrows are deeper by far; but they 
are separated by wide slopes and undulating tablelands. In the 
Rocky Mountains the furrows are cafions, deeper and further apart. 
In the Himalayas the water-furrows are almost invariably separated 
by ridges of exceeding sharpness, like furrows and ridges in ploughed 
land. From this comparison I drew the conclusion that the last Alpine 
glacial period was European, not Asiatic, and not American ; that t 
was local, not general. Isaw all these mountain-ranges between 
Sept. 1873 and April 1877 ; I began in 1841 near the place where 
I ended, near the snow-sheds of the Alps, fresh from Kanchinjunga. 
On the 21st I went back te Turin on a very fine bright clear day, at 
first through a jungle of birch, and over the moraines of the Lago 
Maggiore glacier, which make an amphitheatre of stony gravelly 
ridges, which extend as far as I could see eastward, and fringe the 
lake-district. They fade away to the plain near Novara, a slope of 
gravel. Atthe base of it begins irrigation, like rice-flats in the 
Kast, from canals like the Ganges canal in miniature. On the 22nd 
I started for London and got there in 37 hours. While travelling 
swiftly to Calais, Atlantic weather and a heavy shower met the 
train, and a stormy sea-wind drove drops diagonally athwart a 
window. They wriggled like long-tailed tadpoles on the glass, 
leaving joints of their tails behind them. The glass dried and these 
occurrences were recorded on the window in dust, sorted by wind 
and water. Tracks all over the world’s surface are records equally 
clear for those who have learned to read them, by seeing them 
written. The tracks of ice and of water are as clearly written 
upon the world’s surface in India and in Europe; but I have failed 
to discover any record of a Glacial period upon the surface of the 
globe. 
VI. Conclusion. 
45. All that I have learned about ice and ice-marks since 1840 
teaches that “the Glacial period” is terrestrial, not celestial ; 
meteorological, not astronomical ; that old glacial marks record local 
changes of climate on the large scale which resulted from local 
