J. F. CAMPBELL ON GLACIAL PERIODS. 135 
changes of level, and from consequent changes in the position of 
land and sea, and of currents of air and water, like those which now 
circulate. I hold to “ continuity.” The cold Atlantic current now 
makes Greenland the chief condenser in the northern hemisphere ; 
and consequently an area about as great as India is there smothered 
in ice, which flows down to the sea-level in latitude 60° N., and 
drifts away to lat. 37°. The warm Atlantic current now flows 
northwards along the coast of Europe, and consequently the sea is 
clear of ice beyond lat. 71° N. These two very different climates 
on opposite coasts result from oceanic and atmospheric circulation. 
But Scandinavia was like Greenland. It has risen above its old 
level, which is conspicuously marked along the whole coast. Great 
abundance of sea-shells proves the change. The cold Arctic current 
once passed southwards, to the east of Scandinavia, instead of to the 
east of Greenland. It is shunted by arise of land. Scandinavian 
ice which now is perched on a few high spots was at some late 
time as heavy, as deep, and as wide as ice now is in Greenland. 
That I consider proved by records inscribed on the whole peninsula. 
At that time, as I now suppose, Scandinavia was the chief northern 
condenser, with glaciers launched about lat. 60° N., drifting to 37°. 
Greenland may then have been, like Scandinavia, a land with few 
glaciers and a climate as warm. Corn grows near the North Cape. 
Greenland ice drifts to latitude 37°. American plains are strewed 
with large glaciated stones and rolled gravels down to latitude 37°. 
If these plains were sea-bottoms, as some parts of them certainly 
were, because of their marine fossils, the cold stream which is now 
felt near Florida would swing westwards over the plains, carry drift, 
and cool the climates of lands near it, near the Rocky Mountains, 
as it does now in Florida*. When the cold stream passed over 
Northern Russia it probably fixed the condensing area. LErratics in 
Poland and in Northern Germany probably were dropped from ice- 
bergs and ice-rafts like those which now drift in the Atlantic in 
the same latitude. The margins of the European ocean are marked 
by terraces on hill-sides in Britain and in Scandinavia, on the Cau- 
casus, and, as I believe, on the Alps. Recent and Tertiary sea-shells 
have been found high up and fai inland in Scandinavia, in Northern 
Russia, in Britain, in Italy, and elsewhere. As I translate this 
geological record inscribed upon opposite coasts and mountains, it 
means late large local changes in the relative positions of sea and 
land, and consequent local changes in climate, like those which are 
proved by marine fossils of all ages. Above lat. 33° N., about long. 
77° to 76° E., north of Kangra, in the Himalayas, is a large conden-~ 
sing area, high enough for large glaciers to form in great abundance. 
They grow there, because that high region now is in the course of 
a damp wind, which passes over Sind without condensing. When 
that part of the circulating atmosphere has passed over the con- 
denser, it has little moisture left in it. Further northis a “ rainless 
district ;” and high hills beyond it, far north in Asia, grow no glaciers 
* T have to thank Dr. Hayden for many valuable publications of the Ameri- 
can Geological Survey. 
