142 W. BOYD DAWKINS ON THE RANGE OF 
the Lancashire and Cheshire district ; in Derbyshire, in a cleft of the 
Mountain Limestone at Dove Holes near Buxton (Binney) ; in a cave 
at Gelly Dale near Castleton (Pennington and myself); and in Staf- 
fordshire at Copenhall near Crewe, in a cutting of the London and 
North-western Railway (Sir P. Egerton). In all these cases the 
relation of the deposit in which the remains were found to the 
Boulder-clays is uncertain. 
5. The Mammoth a member of the Fauna of the Forest-bed. 
The Mammoth was considered by Dr. Falconer to be a member of 
the peculiar fauna of the Preglacial Forest-bed, because its remains 
were met with in the same mineral condition as the other Forest-bed 
Mammalia cast up by the sea at the foot of the Norfolk cliffs. In 
1868* I saw reason to doubt this conclusion, and to believe that 
they were derived from the Postglacial gravels on the top of the 
cliffs, or from the late Pleistocene ossiferous deposit on the Dogger 
Bank. Since that time, however, I have been led, from the exa- 
mination of specimens which Dr. Falconer never saw, and from a 
consideration of the associated fauna, to hold that his judgment in 
this case is probably correct. The objection that the animal may have 
been derived from newer deposits is met by the fact that the Forest- 
bed fauna contains no less than eighteen out of a total of twenty- 
six mammals which are proved to have been its contemporaries by 
discoveries in other places. The mammoth, as Dr. Falconer pointed 
out, was of an elastic constitution, so that its presence in a group 
of animals not now living in cold countries is not rendered impro- 
bable by its habits of life. The probability also is considerably 
strengthened by the fact of its being proved to have been an inha- 
bitant of Britain before the Glacial period, from the above-mentioned 
discoveries in the south and west of England and in Scotland. 
6. The Mammoth in Britain before, during, and after the Glacial 
period. 
In the late Pleistocene deposits of Britain the mammoth is the 
most abundant animal, being found in eighty-two cases out of 148 
localities tabulated in an essay brought before this Society in 
1869, and very generally along with the reindeer. Some of the 
river-deposits, such as those of Hoxne and Bedford, are clearly of 
Postglacial age, in the sense of being after the layer of Boulder-clay, 
considered by Mr. Searles Wood the newerof the two clays. It has 
also been found in abundance in the lower brick-earths of the Thames 
valley, at Ilford, Erith, and Crayford, which probably belong to a 
period before the Glacial aget. It is also, as has been shown in the 
preceding pages, Preglacial in Cheshire, Hertfordshire, and Norfolk, 
and probably also in Scotland. From these considerations it follows 
that, while the temperature was becoming sufficiently lowered to 
* “Range of the Mammoth,” Pop. Sci. Rev. 1868, p. 285; “The Age of the 
Mammoth,” Geol. Mag. v., July 1868. 
tT Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, xxy. p. 192-e¢ seg. + Ibid. xxiii. p. 91 e¢ seg. 
