YHE MAMMOTH IN SPACE AND TIME. 143 
allow of large masses of ice depositing their burdens over Britain 
north of the Lower Severn and the Thames, the animal would be 
pushed southwards into other districts where the climate was not so 
severe. In other words, it may be termed Glacial. When the con- 
ditions of life became less severe the animal found its way along the 
river-valleys of this country as far north as Yorkshire on the east, 
and the line of the Trent and Holyhead on the west. North of this 
line it is conspicuous by its absence from Postglacial deposits of 
sand and gravel. For this I should be inclined to account on the 
hypothesis that this area was defended from the invasion of the 
mammoths, and, it may be added, of the associated animals*, by a 
system of glaciers radiating from the hills of Wales, Cumberland, 
the Pennine Chain, and Scotland, which did not melt away much 
before the mammoth became extinct, and possibly also by a sub- 
mergence of the low districts. 
In these remarks ossiferous caverns containing the remains of the 
mammoth have purposely been omitted, because it is impossible to 
tell with certainty their precise relation to the Glacial period. 
7. Range in Hurope, Asia, and America. 
The caverns and riyer-deposits of France present us with traces 
of the mammoth in enormous abundance, and the animal is known 
to haye ranged into Spain y, from the discovery of specimens in the 
zinc-mines of Santander. Thanks to M. Lartet and Dr. Falconer, it 
has long been known to have lived in the neighbourhood of Rome 
at a time when the volcanoes of Central Italy were active, and 
poured currents of lava and threw clouds of ashes over the site of 
the imperial city. It is abundant in northern and southern Ger- 
many, but it has not been found north of a line passing through 
Hamburg, or in any part of Scandinavia or Finland. It occurs in 
the auriferous gravels of the Urals; and in Siberia, as is well known, 
it formerly existed in countless herds, being buried in the morasses 
in large numbers, in the same manner as the Irish Elks at the bottom 
of the Irish peat-bogs. The admirable preservation of some of the 
carcasses is undoubtedly due to their having been entombed directly 
after death, and then quickly frozen up, a process which need not 
necessarily imply, as Mr. Howorth has lately suggested that it does 
imply, climatal conditions unlike those of the present time in Siberia. 
In unusually warm springs, the warm waters borne down by the 
great rivers from their southern warm sources thaw the frozen 
morasses with incredible rapidity, so that the hard ice-bound 
“tundra” becomes quickly conyerted into a treacherous bog. In 
* Dawkins, ‘ Cave-hunting,’ p. 406. 
+ The other localities in Spain for the mammoth, given by Prof. Calderon 
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. p. 129), are doubtful, because the proboscidean 
remains in Miocene and Pliocene strata, referred by various Spanish authors 
to that species, are accepted without criticism. Those from Santander have 
been described by Prof. Sullivan and O'Reilly, and determined by Prof. Leith 
Adams to belong to the mammoth, 
