DISCOVERIES IN THE CRESSWELL CAVES. F3t 
present in the country, from which fact, coupled with their southern 
habit, I should feel inclined to consider them characteristic of that 
period in which the southern animals were living in this country, 
but were suffering from the competition of arctic invaders driven 
southwards by the lowering of the temperature—that is to say, in the 
middle stage of the Pleistocene, as I have defined it in my essay on 
the “ Classification of the Pleistocene Strata by means of the Mam- 
malia”*. It must be further remarked that these two animals were 
among those which the Paleolithic hunter saw when he arrived in 
this country, in his expeditions along the valleys now covered by 
the English Channel and the North Sea. They are found in one cave 
only in Britain, the cave of Pont Newydd, along with Paleolithic 
implements, which are fashioned out of quartzite, like those of 
the red sand in the Cresswell Caves. They occur also in the Paleo- 
lithic river-gravels of Bedford and Peckham, along with implements 
of the type ‘Acheulien of De Mortillet. 
PREHISTORIC AND Historic MAMMALIA. 
The following list (p. 732) represents the principal remains refer- 
able to prehistoric and historic times. It differs in no important 
particular from that of the other caves in the Cresswell Crags, with 
the exception of the occurrence of fragments of four human skeletons, 
all belonging to children and youths, and all being found in the red 
sand. Those discovered in chamber A evidently were deposited in 
strata which had been disturbed by repeated diggings, and do not 
belong to the Pleistocene age. In proof of this we may mention 
that the head of an iron hammer was found by Mr. Knight at the 
bottom of the red sand. 
The skull found in chamber B, also, at a distance of 19 feet 6 in. 
from the entrance and ata depth of 2 feet 9 in. from the surface, can- 
not be looked upon as belonging to the age of the red sand, although 
the passage was completely blocked up in some places, and there were 
no obyious evidences of disturbance around it. The recent bones 
belonging to the various animals in the accompanying list, scattered 
through the red sand, show that it has been disturbed since its depo- 
sition, certainly by the burrowing of foxes, rabbits, and badgers, and 
most probably by the hand of man. The Sheep or Goat, the short- 
horned Ox, and domestic Pig found in it were unknown i in France, 
Germany, Belgium, or Great Britain in the Pleistocene age, and 
were introduced by the Neolithic herdsmen into Northern and 
Western Europe. ‘This skull, therefore, cannot be viewed as a relic 
of one of the Palzolithic hunters in Derbyshire, but must be referred 
to their successors in the district. 
The two skulls, sufficiently perfect to allow of the shape of the 
cranium being made out, belong to two types, well known in this 
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxviii. p. 410. 
+ The asserted occurrence (Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1878) of traces of Man in the 
same strata as the leptorhine Rhinoceros and Hippopotamus in the Victoria 
Cave is founded on an unfortunate mistake. 
