DISCOVERIES IN THE CRESSWELL CAVES. 732 
the Celtic or cognate Celtic peoples who invaded Europe, also in the 
Neolithic age, the former being identical with those of the interments 
in the long barrows, and the latter with those of the round barrows 
and of the tumuli of the Bronze age in Britain explored by the Rev. 
W. Greenwell. Both these peoples used caves for sepulchres in 
Spain, France, and Belgium in the Neolithic age. 
From these considerations I find it impossible to follow MM. 
de Quatrefages and Hamy in their ethnological inferences, which are 
based on the assumption that in the above cases the human remains 
belong to Paleolithic men, who lived on in the same area through 
the stupendous changes which banished some and destroyed other 
Pleistocene Mammalia—changes in geography and in climate—into 
the Neolithic age, without, be it remarked, preserving any traces of 
the art of reproducing animal forms or of the ordinary Paleolithic 
implements of the men of the caves. I am unable to believe with 
M. de Quatrefages that any of the present inhabitants of Belgium 
can be traced as far back as the Paleolithic age, or that they have 
withstood in their present homes all the changes and invasions which 
have happened since the Reindeer-hunter camped in the caves of 
the Lesse. Itis to me improbable in itself, and unsupported by 
satisfactory proof. ‘The few human bones discovered in caves, and 
of undoubted Paleolithic age, seem to me too fragmentary to offer 
any satisfactory basis for arriving at any ethnological conclusion as 
to the Paleolithic races of men in Europe. 
GrnrRAL ConcLusions. 
1. It now remains for us to sum up the results of this inquiry 
into the Pleistocene strata of the caves of Cresswell Crags. From 
the preceding pages it will be seen that at the time the red clay and 
the ferruginous sand were being accumulated in Mother Grundy’s 
Parlour by the action of water, the Hippopotamus and leptorhine 
Rhinoceros, the Hyzena and the Bison haunted the wooded valleys 
of the basin of the upper Trent, while we may mark the absence of 
Paleolithic Man and the Reindeer. Hyzsenas were abundant, while 
Horses were absent. 
2. Then followed a time, represented in all the caverns by the red . 
sand, when the Mammoth, Woolly Rhinoceros, Horse, and Reindeer 
haunted the district round Cresswell Crags, and fell a prey sometimes to 
the hyzenas, and at others to the hunter, whose implements of quart- 
zite prove him to belong to the same peoples who have left their 
implements in the river-deposits. 
3. Lastly we have the Paleolithic hunter, represented, in the 
breccia and upper cave-earth of the Robin-Hood and Church-Hole 
caves, by flint implements of a higher order, like those found in 
Solutré (type “ Solutrien” of Mortillet), accompanied by implements 
of bone and antler and the incised figure of a horse, which proves 
them to have possessed the same artistic faculty of reproducing the 
forms of animals so remarkable in the frequenters of the caves of the 
South of France, Switzerland, and Belgium. 
The subsequent history of the caves in the prehistoric and historic 
Q.J.G.8. No. 140. 3D 
