part 1] OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS IN HUNGARY. 107 



without tubera basioccipitalia, and with the condyles directed 

 downward, and the relatively large brain-case are likewise primitive 

 features, since they are handed down from the bipedal ancestor of 

 the Thyreophora (62). For an animal living at the end of the 

 Cretaceous Period these primitive features are quite remarkable. 



(E) Titanosaurus dacus Nopcsa. 



As R. S. Lull has pointed out (43) already, the mere occurrence 

 of a Sauropodous Dinosaur at the very end of the Cretaceous is in 

 itself an anachronism. The genus Titanosaurus is well known 

 from the Wealden deposits in England (46), the Upper Cretaceous 

 in India (45) and Madagascar (16), the Daman (= uppermost 

 Grarumnian) in France (17) and Hungary, and the uppermost 

 Cretaceous or basal Eocene in Argentina (49). The osteology of 

 Titanosaurus shows, so far as it has been studied, that this is a 

 comparatively primitive type. The neural spines of the dorsal 

 vertebrae are simple and not bifid. The plate-like structure of the 

 neural arches is not far advanced ; nearly all vertebra?, however, even 

 most of the caudal vertebra?, are deeply opisthocoelous. Since this 

 latter feature occurs already in the Titanosaurus of the Wealden, 

 its occurrence in the Titanosaurus of the Upper Cretaceous implies 

 no progress, but a stagnation in evolution. The humerus of 

 Titanosaurus, although strongly expanded at both ends, and thus 

 differing from the slender humeri of the Brachiosauridae (68), is 

 comparatively long ; the metapodials are comparatively slender ; 

 the scapula shows no strong crista, and differs thus from the more 

 highly specialized scapula of Diplodocus (31). Altogether, 

 Titanosaurus is a type which, despite its opisthocoelous caudal 

 vertebra?, shows no such marked specialization as the Brachio- 

 sauridae or Diplodocidae. 



Seeing that, up to the present day, scarcely anything is known of 

 the trend of evolution in the phyla^of Sauropoda, it is not easy to 

 fix the phylogenetic value of the last of the Sauropoda ; but even 

 the characters described in the foregoing paragraph show that it 

 is not an aberrant terminal of some highly-developed phylum. 

 Together with Kallokibotion, Sliabdodon, Ortliomerus, and 

 SfrutJiiosaurus also, the Wealden genus Titanosaurus seems in 

 the Cretaceous to be out of date. 



III. Comparison op the Fauna with others. 



The occurrence of a primitive tortoise, a primitive Campto- 

 saurian, a primitive Protrachodont, a primitive Sauropod, and a not 

 very specialized Acanthopholid Dinosaur in the Upper Jurassic or 

 Lower Cretaceous of Europe, would in no way be remarkable. 

 But, if we consider that all the types enumerated above are fore- 

 runners of more highly-specialized types during the Cretaceous 

 Period, and if we recollect that they occur all together at its 

 end. the matter bears another aspect. We are not dealing in this 

 case with a few survivals, such as might 'be dismissed under the 



