614 Mil. S. IT. WARREN OX THE [vol. lxxix, 



The underground surface of the Chalk is about —200 feet O.D. 

 at Clacton, but it soon rises to —150 to the north-east; while a. 

 well at Harwich proved the Chalk at about —55 O.D. The higher 

 elevation of the land, coupled with a deeply trenched vallej', 

 of which the evidence has already been noted, would bring the 

 Bullhead and Chalk flints within eas}? - walking distance of the site. 



The basement-bed limestone of the London Clay is also found 

 at the bottom of the old river-channel, and I noted one block 

 which measured roughly 9*7x5 inches. Unless obtained from 

 the erosion of Boulder Clay, this must also have been carried up- 

 hill by some means. 



With regard to the dating of the Mesvinian industry, Continental 

 research suggests that it is approximately contemporary with the 

 Acheulian, although there is no typological or cultural association 

 between the two ; they are totally unlike in technique. On the 

 other hand, the Mesvinian series, as so well represented at Clacton, 

 exactly fills the place of what one would imagine the precursor of 

 the Mousterian industry ought to be. If this be so : that is to 

 say, if the Mesvinian be in fact (what it appears to be) a ruder 

 and more primitive ancestor of the Mousterian industry, we are led 

 to a very interesting result. Because, of the two industries (the 

 Mesvinian and the Mousterian), the Mesvinian is the farther 

 removed in typology from both the Acheulian and the Late 

 Chellean, with which it is in part at least contemporary in time. 



This evidence confirms a suggestion which has previously been 

 made on the grounds of race-type : namely, that the Mousterian is 

 a development of independent evolution and origin, and is not on 

 the Chelleo-Acheulian line. 



The proto-Mousterian tortoise-core industry, which is sometimes 

 considered to be of Upper Acheulian date, is also intermediate in 

 technique between the Mesvinian and the Mousterian proper. 

 Thus, the flint industry points to a pre-Upper Acheulian date for 

 the Clacton bed. 



The M a m m a 1 i a . 



There is a marked difference in the frequency of different bones 

 of the same animal. The antlers of Cervus brown/' occur in the 

 greatest profusion ; but, even after allowing for the fact that many 

 of them are shed antlers, the jaw-bones are disproportionately 

 scarce. Dense bones like the astragalus and calcaneum of Bos pri- 

 migenins are also among the commonest fossils to be found, while 

 both jaw-bones and horn-cores of the same species are about equally 

 less common. 



My own collection of fflepltas remains includes a mandible in 

 good preservation with four molars (the ante-penultimate and 

 penultimate) in place, another mandible with the two last molars 

 in place, and fifteen detached molars. There are also two portions 

 of tusks, which are sufficiently long to show that they do not 

 possess the curvature of E. -primigenhis. The J. Brown Collection 



