Vol. 51.] GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OE ANATOLIA. 95 



10. Notes on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Anatolia 

 (Asia Minor). By W. F. Wilkinson, Esq., F.G.S. (Read 

 January 9th, 1895.) 



So little is known of the geography and geology of the interior of 

 Asia Minor that the following notes, made during a journey of 

 about 50 miles inland from Brusa, may be worth recording. The 

 route followed by the author passed through the following places, 

 commencing at the coast: — Mudania, Brusa, Edrenos, and Hei- 

 manjik. Straight lines connecting Mudania with Edrenos, and 

 Edrenos with Kutahia, would run roughly along the line of section 

 accompanying this paper (see fig. 1, p. 96). Starting from the coast 

 in a southerly direction, one crosses first of all a low range of moun- 

 tains consisting principally of limestones, running parallel with the 

 coast. About 15 miles east of Mudania are the marble quarries of 

 Gemlek. After passing this range, which attains here an altitude of 

 1000 feet, the route crosses the plain of Brusa, watered by the 

 Nilufer river, and covered with alluvial deposits. On the south side 

 of the plain, and at the foot of the lofty range of Mount Olympus, 

 lies the city of Brusa, the ancient capital of the Osmanlis, and still 

 a city of considerable importance. The southern slopes of Mount 

 Olympus consist of limestones and mica-schists. The granite, which 

 is the backbone of the ridge, is not met with, in travelling due south 

 of Brusa, till after a three hours' climb. This granite is principally a 

 white variety, with dark mica. The higher peaks of Mount Olympus 

 lie to the east ; the loftiest of them is said to attain an altitude of 

 8350 feet. In the higher parts of Mount Olympus are several large 

 lakes. 



After crossing the Mount Olympus range, a descent is made to 

 the valley of the Nilufer (anc. Odryses). The range of mountains 

 which separates this valley from that of the Rhyndacus, one of the 

 most important rivers of this part of Asia Minor, consists princi- 

 pally of eruptive rocks (granite) and metamorphic rocks (serpentine). 

 Serpentine crops out one hour's ride south of the Nilufer river and 

 continues to the Rhyndacus valley, where sedimentary strata 

 (limestones and shales) again crop out. The ruins of Edrenos 

 (anc. Adranos) castle are situated on a hill of limestone. The 

 plain of Edrenos, which is next crossed, consists of shale and lime- 

 stone-deposits. About 7 miles south-east of Edrenos, granite 

 again comes to the surface, and farther south serpentine is met 

 with. Before reaching Hermanjik a red ferruginous rock occurs in 

 large quantities. At Hermanjik itself conglomerate-beds, marls, and 

 limestone are found. 



Farther south serpentine covers a large area, in which several 

 chrome iron-ore deposits have been discovered and worked. Owing, 

 however, to difficulties of transport, the industry has not attained 

 the importance that it deserves. The chrome ore appears to occur 



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