Vol. 51.] AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY OF THE WEST INDIES. 261 



*Caryophyllia fastigiata, Lamarck, 1816, ' Hist. Anim. s. Vert.' t. ii. pp. 228, 229 ; 

 Lamouroux,' 1821, 'Exp. Meth. Polyp.' p. 50, pi. xxxiii. ; id. 1824, 'Encycl. Meth. 

 Zooph.' p. 172. 



Caryophyllia fastigiata, Ehrenberg, 1834, 'Cor. roth. Meer.' Abh. k. Akad. Wiss. 

 Berl. i832, p. 316. 



* Caryophyllia fastigiata, Lamarck, 1836, ' Hist. Anim. s. Vert.' ed. 2, t. ii. p. 355. 

 Caryophyllia fastigiata, Schomburgk, 1847, ' Hist. Barbados,' p. 562. 

 Dithodendron fasti giatum, Schweigger, 1820, ' Handb. Naturg.' p. 416. 



* Lobophyllia fastigiata, Blainville, 1830, 'Zooph.' Diet. Sci. Nat. t. lx. p. 321 ; 

 id. 1834, ' Man. Act.' p. 356 ; Duchassaing, 1850, 'Anim. rad. Ant.' p. 15 ; id. 1855, 

 'Form. Mod. Guad.' Bull. Soc. geol. Prance, seY. 2, t. xii. p. 756. 



Eusmilia fastigiata, M.-Edwards & Haime, 1848, ' Monogr. Astr.' Ann. Sci. Nat., 

 Zool. ser. 3, t. x. p. 264, pi. v. fig. 1 ; iid. 1851, ' Polyp. Paleoz.' Arch. Mus. Hist. 

 Nat. t. v. p. 52 ; iid. 1857, 'Hist. Nat. Cor.' t. ii. p. 187 ; Duchassaing &Michelotti, 

 1861, 'Mem. Cor. Ant.' Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Tor. ser. 2, t. xix. p. 340; iid. 1866, 

 ' Suppl. Mem. Cor. Ant.' ibid. ser. 2, t. xxiii. p. 165 ; Duchassaing, 1870, ' Rev. Zooph. 

 Ant.' p. 27 ; Pourtales, 1871, ' Deep-Sea Corals,' 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. no. iv. 

 p. 67; Quelch, 1886, ' Reef Corals,' Zool. ' Chall.' Exped. pt. xlvi. p. 12; Ortmann, 

 1888, 'Stud. Verbr. Steinkor.' Zool. Jahrb. Bd. iii. Syst. p. 167. 



* Madrepora capitata, var., Esper, 1795, 'Pflanzenth.' Fortsetz. Bd. i. p. 102, pi. 

 Madrep. lxxxii. 



* Lithodendron capitatum, Schweigger, 1820, 'Handb. Naturg.' p. 416. 

 Fusmilia Silene, Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1861, op. supra cit. ser. 2, t. xix. 



pp. 340, 341, pi. x. figs. 11, 1-2 ; iid. 1866, Suppl., op. supra cit. ser. 2, t. xxiii. p. 165 ; 

 Duchassaing, 1870, ' Rev. Zooph*. Ant.' p. 27 ; Quelch, 1886, op. supra cit. pt. xlvi. 

 p. 12. 

 Fusmilia alticostata, non M.-Ed. & H., Pourtales, 1871, op. supra cit. p. 68. 



Distribution. Recent : West Indies, Florida. Fossil : Barbados : Low-level 

 Reefs, Bridgetown ; High-level Reefs, Castle Grant, 1050 feet (Jukes-Browne Coll.) ; 

 Guadeloupe : Tuf blanc. 



Species 2. Eusmilia Knorri, M.-Edwards & Haime, 1848. 



Synonymy : — 



JSusmilia Knorri, M.-Edwards & Haime, 1848, 'Monogr. Astr.' Ann. Sci. Nat. 

 Zool. ser. 3, t. x. p. 265, pi. v. fig. 2. 



Madrepora capitata, Esper, 1795, ' Pflanzenth.' Fortsetz. Bd. i. p. 102, pi. Madrep. 

 ixxxi. (non var. pi. lxxxii.). 



Fuphyllia aspera, Dana, 1848, ' Zooph. Explor. Exped. Wilkes/ vol. viii. pp. 164, 

 720, pi. ix. fig. 7. 



JSusmilia aspera, M.-Edwards & Haime, 1851, 'Polyp. Paleoz.' Arch. Mus. Hist. 

 Nat. t. v. p. 52; iid. 1857, 'Hist. Nat. Cor.' t. ii. pp. 187, 188; Duchassaing & 

 Michelotti, 1861, ' Mem. Cor. Ant.' Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Tor. ser. 2, t. xix. p. 340 ; 

 iid. 1866, 'Suppl. Mem. Cor. Ant.' ibid. ser. 2, t. xxiii. p. 165; Duchassaing, 1870, 

 'Rev. Zooph. Ant.' p. 27; Ortmann, 1888, 'Stud. Verbr. Steinkor.' Zool. Jahrb. 

 Bd. iii. Syst. p. 167. 



JSusmilia alticostata, M.-Edwards & Haime, 1848, op. supra cit. Ann. Sci. Nat. 

 Zool. ser. 3, t. x. p. 265; iid. 1857, ' Hist. Nat. Cor.' t. ii. p. 188. 



Distribution. Recent: West Indies. Fossil: Pleistocene, Low-level Reefs, 

 Bridgetown, Barbados (Franks Coll. &01d Coll. B.M.). 



Motes on Synonymy. — The synonymy of these two species of 

 Eusmilia has been very confused, as they have been separated at 

 different times on two different and discordant characters. Their 

 distinction is here based on the structure of the columella. This is 

 well developed in E. Knorri (see figures of Milne-Edwards & Haime 

 and of Esper), and very imperfectly so in E. fastigiata. This 

 character has, however, often been ignored, and the distinction has 

 then been based on the development of the epitheca, which seems 

 to me to be useless. 



Unfortunately we do not definitely know the nature of the 

 columella in Pallas's type, but he describes his species as with 

 ' centrum immersum, exiguum, cellulosum.' This would seem to 



