Vol.51.] AND PHYSICAL GEOLOG? OF THE WEST INDIES. 271 



Non Astrcea cavernosa, Quenstedt, 1852, ' Handb. Petref.' p. 647, pi. Ivii. fig. 22 ; 

 id. 1883, op. cit. ed. iii. p. 1000, pi. Ixxx. tig. 11 ; Faurot, 1888, ' Miss. Mer Rouge,' 

 Arch. Zool. Exper. ser. 2, t. vi. p. 119. 



Astrcea (Tubastraa) cavernosa, Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. Nat. t. lx. p. 334; id. 

 1834, 'Man. Act.' p. 368. 



Heliastreea cavernosa,M.. -Edwards & Haime, 1857,' Hist. Nat. Cor.' t. ii. p. 463. 



Heliastreea cavernosa, Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1861, ' Mem. Cor. Ant.' p. 352 ; 

 iid. 1866, ' Suppl. etc' p. 179; Duncan, 1868, ' Foss. Cor. W. Ind.' pt. iv., Quart, 

 Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiv. p. 12 ; Duchassaing, 1870, ' Rev. Zooph. Ant.' p. 30. 



Orbicella cavernosa, Verrill, 1864, ' List of Corals,' Bull. Mus. Cornp. Zool. vol. i. 

 p. 47; Pourtales, 1871, 'Deep-Sea Corals,' 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. no. iv. p. 76; 

 Lindstrom, 1877, 'Act. Atl.' Handl. k. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Bd. xiv. no. 6, p. 23; 

 Quelch, 1886, 'Reef Corals,' Zool. 'Chall.' Exped. pt. xlvi. pp. 12, 106; Heilprin, 

 1890, 'Cor. W. Gulf Mex.' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1890, p. 306. 



Astrcea Arqus, Lamarck, 1816, 'Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert.' t. ii. p. 259 ; Lamouroux, 

 1824, Eucyci. Meth., ' Zooph.' p. 131 ; Eichwald, 1829, ' Zool. Spec' t. i. p. 183 ; 

 Schomburgk, 1847, 'Hist. Barbados,' p. 562; Duchassaing, 1847, 'Const, geol. 

 Guad.' Bull. Soc. geol. France, s<§r. 2, t. iv. pp. 1095, 1097; M.-Edwards & Haime, 

 1848, ' Classif. deux, trihu Astr.' Compt. Rend. t. xxvii. p. 494; Duchassaing, 

 1850, ' Anim. rad. Ant.' p. 15 ; id. 1855, ' Form. mod. Guad.' Bull. Soc. geol. 

 France, ser. 2, t. xii. pp. 754, 756. 



Orbicella Arqus, Dana, 1848, ' Zooph. Explor. Exped. Wilkes,' vol. viii. p. 207, pi. x. 

 tig. 1, p. 75, fig. 34. 



Explanaria Argus, Ehrenberg, 1834, 'Cor. roth. Meer.' p. 307. 



Astrcea endothecata, Duncan, 1863, 'Foss. Cor. W. Ind.' pt. i., Quart. Journ. 

 Geol. Soc. vol. xix. p. 434, pi. xv. fig. 7. 



Heliastreea endothecata, id. 1868, op. cit. pt. iv., ibid. vol. xxiv. p. 12 ; Duchassaing, 

 1870, ' Rev. Zooph. Ant.' p. 30. 



Astrcea ci/lindrica, Duncan, 1863, op. supra cit. vol. xix. p. 434, pi. xv. fig. 8. 



Heliastreea cylindrica, id. 1868, op. cit. vol. xxiv. p. 12; Duchassaing, 1870, 

 ' Rev. Zooph. Ant.' p. 30. 



Heliastreea aperta, Verrill, 1868, ' Notes on Radiata,' Trans. Conn. Acad. vol. i. 

 pt. 2, p. 356. 



Distribution. Recent : West Indies, Florida, Vera Cruz, Brazil. Fossil : Bar- 

 bados : Low-level Reefs near Bridgetown (Franks Coll.) ; Ceres (Jukes-Browne Coll.) ; 

 High-level Reefs, Spring Estate, St. Andrews; Bissex Hill, near foot of crest; 

 Gully by Farmer's Shaft No. 3 ; Welsh Town Gully (600 feet) ; Mt. Hillaby 

 (780 feet). Trinidad, St. Croix; Antigua, Marl; Guadeloupe, newer and older 

 reefs ; San Domingo, Tufaceous Limestone, Nivaje Shale ; Bermuda, raised reefs 

 (Coll. Geol. Soc.) 



Notes on the Species.— The group of Astraean corals of the alliance 

 Orbicelloida is the most difficult in the West Indian fauna. The 

 first species, however, is fairly well marked. T have adopted for it 

 the name radiata, though cavernosa is earlier. But Linnaeus's 

 diagnosis of this is so imperfect and inadequate that it is absolutely 

 useless. Ellis and Solander, on the other hand, gave a figure ; this, 

 unfortunately, was based on a worn broken specimen, but is never- 

 theless clearly recognizable. It appears, however, at first so 

 different from Esper's admirable figure of M. cavernosa that the two 

 species were regarded as distinct. 



The 0. aperta of Verrill seems to me to be only a specimen of this 

 species, in which the fourth cycle of septa is incomplete. It looks 

 somewhat different, as the ccenenchyma i3 more cellular and the 

 septa are thinner ; in all fundamental points it agrees with 

 0. radiata. The specimen probably grew under less favourable 

 conditions than those of the West Indian seas, and thus is less 

 massive. Verrill's type is preserved in the Museum of Yale 

 College, to the authorities of which I am indebted for the oppor- 

 tunity of studying it. 



Q. J.G. S. No. 203. x 



