V0I.5I.] OF EASTERN EAST ANGLIA. 499 



patch about 12 yards northward. It appears to me, however, 

 possible that some of these shells may belong to the Upper Crag 

 (the Chillesford Sands) ; for the Chillesford Clay has been much 

 denuded, so that the pebble-beds often come into juxtaposition 

 with the Upper or Eluvio-Marine Crag. A little north of South- 

 wold the cliff-section, in fact, shows the Pebbly (Westleton) Beds in 

 contact with yellow sands of this age, owing to the removal of tbe 

 Chillesford Clay. It may be, therefore, that the lower part of the 

 sections belongs to the Crag, or that the shells are derived from it. 

 ' Mr. WMtaker mentions that the Chillesford Clay is wanting in 

 places near Southwold, probably having been cut off by the Pebbly 

 Beds. It was wanting also in the Southwold well, where the under- 

 lying Crag was fossiliferous.' x 



On the other hand, Mr. Horace Woodward, on the strength of 

 these fossils, which, as I have said, I believe to be derivative in 

 the shingles, classes the Bure Valley Beds with the Upper Crag, 

 and treats them as a part of the Norwich Crag series. 



It is curious that in the case of certain beds at Sudbury, in the 

 south of Suffolk, where Mr. Whitaker has found Purpura lapillus 

 var. crispata, with casts of some uncertain species, including Natica, 

 Cardium, and Mytilus, and some coprolites, that he should class the 

 beds with the Crag with a query, and that Prof. Prestwich, having 

 originally classed them with the Red Crag, afterwards classed them, 

 on the ground of position and composition, with the Westleton 

 Beds ; but he adds, ' The fossils and the coprolites may have been 

 derived from the Red Crag ; for the beds under the Westleton Shingle 

 are, as will be shown further on, often greatly eroded. Or we may 

 have here a remnant of Red Crag at the base of sands and gravel 

 belonging to the Westleton Series.' 2 



I am, therefore, of opinion that the shells which are found in 

 certain limited localities only in the shingle- beds, generally at their 

 base and in close contact with Crag-deposits, are in every case 

 derived and remanie, just as the shells in the so-called ' Glacial Beds ' 

 are, and that they in no wise mark the horizon of the shingle, and 

 we have consequently no warrant for calling these shingles marine 

 beds. The shells, like the pebbles of ragstone and quartzite, are 

 apparently derived directly from the Crag. 



This conclusion is an important one, and it does away with some 

 of the difficulties which have attended Prof. Prestwich's main con- 

 clusion in the eyes of many students. Sir A. Geikie has raised 

 objections to these shingles being marine beds. Mr. Monckton, 

 Mr. Herries, and others have also failed to find evidence of marine 

 action in the Essex gravels correlated with the Westleton Beds. 



On the other hand, the fact does away with conclusions like that 

 embodied in the following sentence : — ' It is obvious, from the 

 fossils found in it in Norfolk and Suffolk, that the Westleton Shingle 

 is a marine Drift, the absence of shells in its inland range being no 

 doubt in great measure owing to decalcification. Even in Suffolk, 



1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlvi. (1890) p. 92, note. 



2 Ibid. p. 130. 



